Mass General Hospital

What are the primary challenges in improving operating processes in a health care environment? †¢Maintaining Quality Care. †¢Coordination of department segments †¢Reducing cost without compromising patient care †¢Support from the staff / stakeholders †¢To remove / determine non-value added activity †¢Conformance and control 2. What is a care path? Care path is used to manage the quality in healthcare with regards to standardization of care process by minimizing delays and with resource utilization while maximizing the quality of care. . What are its specific features? †¢Control Cost †¢Diagnostics testing†¢Standardization †¢Create efficiencies †¢Improves communication †¢Improves coordination †¢Allows for flexibility †¢Provides Reliability †¢Faster diagnostics a. What does it not do? ?Apply to all ?Make any guarantees 4. What are the most common causes of extended stay for CABG patients? †¢Not having a Care path †¢Amount of therapy required †¢Level of complications †¢Health care payment method 5. What are some of the important steps the team took to develop the care ath to make it acceptable to everyone involved? †¢Creating of cross functional teams †¢Working with and listening to everyone †¢Making all feel like part of the process †¢Ensuring there are quality controls / checks and balances 6. What are the hazards of standardizing the process too rigorously? †¢Not getting buying from staff †¢Misdiagnosis †¢Increasing cost 7. What are the dangers of allowing too much freedom to customize the process? †¢Increasing cost †¢Failure to collaborate †¢Patient takes too long to be diagnosed or misdiagnosed 8.Does every care path patient have to go through all the steps in the care path? What happens to patients who do not follow the path fully? †¢No, patients can be removed from any step within the care path once it is deter mined that the care path is not going to work for the patient. Obviously there is going to be a percentage of patients that are going to deviate from the standard. For these patients they must follow a path specific to receiving the proper diagnosis and treatment. This may require addition diagnostic testing, seeing specialist, longer stay, additional therapy etc.

Home School vs Traditional School Essay

COMPARE AND CONTRAST HOMESCHOOL AND TRADITIONAL SCHOOL HOOK: In the future, students might have more opportunities to attend a home school and they can make a choice between home school or traditional school . Which would you prefer? BACKGROUND: Parents often debate about the best place to educate their children and nowadays, they often must consider if homeschool or traditional school is the best choice. THESIS: There are some similarities between home school and studying in a traditional school, however there are also many differences. I am going to discuss some similarities and differences between these two ways for (methods of) education. BODY 1 First of all, let’s look at the similarities between these two methods of education. Both of these ways have a similar routine and a similar structure. For example, students can study the same subjects, have the same lunch break and do the same projects. In addition, both ways give students the chance to learn if they want to learn and develop their knowledge and develop their personality. Moreover, there is a similarity between the text books so the basic information on the course will be the same. BODY 2 On the other hand, there are many differences between homeschool and traditional school. For example, when a student studies at home, they are more individual because they have their own opinions, likes and dislikes. This means they have their own personality and other people have less influence. Also, students educated at home can learn faster, whereas in traditional schools too many things happen in the classroom and learning is usually slower. For this reason, students have a better chance to learn more at home. Finally, at a traditional schools students have the chance to socialize and make new friends, while at home they have just the teacher and they haven’t the same chance to develop their social skills. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these are some of the similarities and differences between homeschool and traditional school. SUMMARY On the one hand, they both have a similar routine, a similar chance to learn and the  textbooks are also similar. On the other hand, they are different because homeschool is more individual, there are less chances to meet new friends and the learning is usually faster. OPINION Finally, if you go to homeschool or traditional school you still have to study a lot and really want to succeed, so in the end, I believe both of these ways give a student a good education. Vocabulary Nowadays To consider Must consider- have to think about Chance – opportunity To develop – to build up , increase To develop social skills Knowledge Personality Own – belongs to you only More influence on someone- can change someone’s mind easily Less influence on someone- can change someone’s mind easily Basic- Individual- To socialize – to chat to and meet new people, chatting and talking To be sociable – more chance to be sociable To succeed – to come out positively and get what you want, achieve benefits

Evaluating rule based and principle based accounting approaches

In this essay, the two different attacks of accounting have been discussed. One attack is being followed by FASB and the other attack is being followed by IASB. These two attacks are Rules – based attack and Principles – based attack. Rules – based attack says that accounting rules and criterions should alter with the environment, fiscal conditions, and as new issues arises in the field of accounting. On the other manus, Principles – based attack says that accounting rules and criterions should be made harmonizing to the already set rules. All the rules are predefined and it works with a set of laid down system. This belief is named as rule – based attack. Further in this essay, these two attacks have been critically analyzed on some selected points. The stances, pros and cons of each attack have been discussed in item. And based on the analysis, decisions about the favourable attack or manner have been made. An recommendation has besides been made in the terminal that nonsubjective attack should be followed which means that alternatively of following either of these two attacks entirely, a mixture of both of these attacks should be followed so that the defects of each attack could be minimized. There are fundamentally two chief criterion puting organic structures i.e. FASB ( Financial Accounting Standard Board ) and IASB ( International Accounting Standard Board ) . These standard scene organic structures have their ain models. Models are used to paraphrase current accounting criterions and to bring forth new accounting criterions. is by and large followed in United States of America whereas IFRS is followed by most of the other states of the universe. Since 2001, more than one 100 states around the Earth have been permitted / required to utilize IFRS ( IASB construction ) . In add-on to these two criterion puting organic structures, there are besides other little and local criterion puting organic structures present. But IFRS are by and large followed by most of the states particularly by large economic systems. Apart from the â€Å" models † there are besides other differences every bit good. One of these differences is the â€Å" attack † that each one of t hem has used to construct criterions and models. GAAP uses the Rule – based attack whereas IFRS uses the Principles – based attack in constructing accounting criterions. Harmonizing to one belief accounting rules and criterions should alter with the environment, fiscal conditions, and as new issues arises in the field of accounting. This belief is named as regulation – based attack. Whereas, IFRS believes that accounting rules and criterions should be made harmonizing to the already set rules. All the rules are predefined and it works with a set of laid down system. This belief is named as rule – based attack. Each of these attacks has its ain pros and cons. The stances of each of these attacks have been discussed and critically analyzed in item below ; The deduction being, that if anyone in the society believes your patterns to be manipulating the job, or non-genuine, and immoral so the job of assurance in your actions id arises. This would so coerce, and should act upon everyone to endeavor for a high criterion of pattern, as minimum conformity and criterions would non truly be tolerated and plenty for the point of view of investors and community. The comptroller and hearers have to trust on their judgement, so the more conservative attack they adopt, it would be much better for the investors. So rigorous regulations should be followed and they should seek to run into the highest criterions instead than minimum. Following the regulations necessitate all members of a society to show minimal values and criterions of pattern. The criterions have to be in kernel meeting the minimally acceptable pattern degree in order to acquire approved by a bulk of members. Due to minimal required degree, the consequences could be less-than-excellent criterions. The rules-based patterns besides encourage those people to play around with the regulations, to happen loopholes and ambiguity in the regulations, and to calculate out ways to do uses. This has been evidenced in the last decennary in major economic sciences like Canada and the USA by their political leaders every bit good as celebrated concern leaders and companies ( Doug Macnamara & A ; Banff, 2004 ) Principles-based attack basically has no minimal criterion of pattern and they keep on turning over clip. Principles-based model influence a broad set of patterns run intoing the demands to a degree of outlook by the society at big ( McGladrey & A ; Pullen, 2009 ) . Principles promote organisations to follow directly off raising their current patterns in-line with the Principles based attack, endeavoring for uninterrupted betterment over clip ( Doug Macnamara & A ; Banff, 2004 ) . Principles-based are really utile in leting house ‘s to modify their apprehension of how to implement concern patterns of the highest criterions for every changing and alone conditions, and operational worlds of the industry. This should therefore ensue in better, more appropriate administration actions compared to minimum conformity with a set of basic regulations. Even though the constitution of fiscal accounting criterions and auditing has conventionally been founded upon a rule-based construction, the theory of a principle-based attack has been from clip to clip advocated since being incorporated and due to recent high profile dirts in which the fiscal comptrollers and hearers have been involved and made monolithic uses do to rule-based ethical point of view and hold failed to protect investors, stakeholders and general public involvement raised concerns for the populace to still believe on rule-based theory ( George J. Benston, Michael Bromwich, Alfered Wagenhofer, 2006 ) . In Accordance to a normally position, U.S. accounting criterions are more rules-based than principles-based model.[ 1 ]This observation brought in big portion from the emphasis put on two features of the diction of the typical confirmation statement: ‘the fiscal statements present reasonably, in all stuff respects, the fiscal place of Ten Company as of Date, and the consequences of its operations and its hard currency flows for the twelvemonth so ended in conformance with by and large accepted accounting rules ‘ ( accent added ) .2 ‘Present reasonably ‘ , which indicates a principles-based attack, is fundamentally converted to a rules-based attack when it is ‘defined ‘ in SAS 69 ( .05 a ) by mention to Rule 203 of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. This regulation states that ‘present reasonably ‘ â€Å" implies that the application of officially established accounting rules about ever consequences in the just presentation of fisc al place, consequences of operations, and hard currency flows † .4 GAAP is specified by SAS 69, paragraph AU 411, as a hierarchy of conventions, regulations and steps propagated by peculiar important organic structures, peculiarly the Financial Accounting Standards Board and precursor houses ( e.g. , the Accounting Principles Board ) .4 Thus, if the itemized and statute GAAP have been followed as specified, most likely the certifying CPAs have done their occupations decently and sufficiently in the eyes of the Securities and Exchange Commission and ( likely ) the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ( PCAOB ) . The standard compositors do non look to take into sufficient history that the format of criterions and their contents are mutualist. In peculiar, the more judgement an accounting rule requires, the more hard is it to project it into a criterion without plentifulness of counsel and, possibly, exclusions. These events have encouraged principal-based theoreticians to show and they standpoint which is more ethical and concerned to the investors and stakeholders ( George J. Benston, Michael Bromwich and Alfred Wagenhofer, 2006 ) . The rule-based imposts of scrutinizing became a trouble-free tool that was responsible for the unethical and immoral behavior of companies like Enron and Arthur Andersen due to which 1000s of people lost their every penny in pocket and their places ( David Satava, Cam Caldwell, Linda Richards, 2006 ) . The comptrollers and hearers should work to re-establish public assurance and to acquire enhanced the ethical behavior. Principle-based attack is necessary to significantly alter the ethical behaviour of the fiscal coverage and auditing. The comptroller and hearers must demo a preparedness to measure them critically and follow principle-based attack and demo committedness to alter house ‘s civilization, if they want to reconstruct their lost credibleness and trust with the populace. To carry on periodic cultural audi ts of accounting houses could be effectual tool. ( Bean and Cunningham, 2004 ) The comptrollers and hearers have moral certain duties in order to warrant with their profession self-respect that includes duties, purposes, moralss, principals, values and committednesss to honour these imposed duties ( Paine, 2003 ) .The hearers must integrate and incorporate both a rule-based rating of the fiscal wellness of an audited house and a principle-based appraisal of the fiscal status of an entity as an on-going concern and as a possible investing chance. The basic duties implicit in that undertaking is to unite proficient expertness and professionalism necessary to accomplish meticulosity, preciseness in supplying adequate information to do cent per centum sure that transparence sing the audited house ‘s fiscal status, and completeness, objectivity and independency in carry oning an audit comprehensive to indemnify the unity of the audit study and hence increased the creditability of the audit house ethical and professional attitude. Recent accounting dirts have raised the concern that regulation – based attack has become excessively vulnerable and there is sky-scraping demand of principles-based government. There is a great argument sing the effectivity in the Governance universe these yearss about how to better the degree of assurance and trust in our communities refering the Governance organic structures of both for net income and non for net income organisations. While many treatments are taking topographic point, the highest profile 1s are playing out in the assorted planetary securities communities, with other organisations taking their lead from at that place. However to some Board members might happen these arguments and statements rather detached and isolated from their daily administration responsibilities and duties. This is truly of import to understanding the different places and stance in this argument of administration, and the implicit in logic and principles should be considered by the Boa rd to break develop policies and best patterns to better administration & A ; transparence. This would take to heighten community assurance & A ; trust in your organisation ‘s leading. To hold a trust on leading and the direction is one of the most of import things for the investor point of position before puting in any company. A fall-out from the continued litany of error of our senior leaders and participants has exposed in the media, which has led to overall aggravation & A ; impairment in assurance and trust of the general public towards those in the privileged place of power and control ( Doug Macnamara & A ; Banff, 2004 ) . As each one of these revelation criticizes into the populace ‘s scruples, the trust and perkiness in Governors and Governance took another monolithic hit. Governors and managers should reflect watchfulness and due diligence in their act before choosing any accounting model and should endeavor to do certain the transparence and effectual control system. The principal based model has shown its importance over clip and raised many inquiries on regulations based system. Governors and managers should utilize a blend of both Rules and Principles that are relevant to the organisation, and formulate and develop new Governance By-Laws, processs, policies and patterns to wake up their organisation ‘s leading behaviour. We are still meeting more and more struggles of involvement jobs at the Governance degree and Following the best patterns and Self-disclosure of these new patterns can better the society trust in organisations. ( George T. Tsakumis, 2009 ) After being analysing the fact and the difficult nucleus worlds of both the rule-based and chief based attack, it is being concluded that comptrollers every bit good as governors should follow the regulations based attack because the principal based model strives for uninterrupted betterment and by following the principal based attack we could achieve the highest degree of transparence and investors assurance. Due to recent dirts accounting criterions are already under terrible unfavorable judgment. The regulation based attack has batch of loopholes because it merely requires the minimal criterions to fulfill it ‘s objectively as comparison to principal based attack which keep on puting new criterions and mileposts. The hearers besides have to hold to demo high criterions of ethical pattern and should identity the malpractices being done by the direction. They should work independently and objectively and should non come under any force per unit area by direction. They work sho uld be run into the aim of the investors and stockholder alternatively of direction. It has besides being witnessed that over the old ages the administration mechanism has non being what it used to be, so that board of managers and governors need to look into the matter of the direction and should prosecute themselves in arguments so that they continuous come up and better the control system and should fasten the cheque and balances on the direction. The system which needs to be now incorporated in the houses should be blend of both regulation based and chief based model ( AAA Financial Accounting Standards Committee, 2003 ) . Together both the model would be a better option for the accounting criterions in order to accomplish highest ethical criterions and best patterns. It would besides assist the comptrollers to re-gain their lost creditability which they have lost and general populace is now loath to swear them.

Human Resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Human Resource - Assignment Example I do wonder how to run a multinational business. Multinational business is interesting since it enables one to influence the whole world. If I have the right skill and education, I will try software design. The career would enable me to design new software that can change the world. I love my job since it allows me to interact with many people. My job enables me to identify talents and skills in employees. If my boss allowed me, I would concentrate on mentoring young people to identify their talents and use them. It is noteworthy that most people assume their talents and skills yet they can use them to enhance their lives. If I had a free day, I would choose to spend time advising young people on how to make right career choices. Most people fail in their careers due to wrong career decisions they made as students. I wish to be remembered for influencing the lives of many people in the society. It is my dream to leave an impact in the society before I retire from my profession. Step Two The common themes in aforementioned are talent and working with students. I am interested in working with young students and transforming their lives. I also believe in incorporating talent into an individual's career. Step three Talent, mentorship, and creativity excite me about my dreams. I would identify sectors of my career relevant to my interests and incorporate them into my career. I would combine my current skills with passions by striking a balance between the two. I would also follow my passion while using my skills in my job.

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Book Review - Essay Example Context 1 Globalization as a Problem At the first, the author comes out argumentative towards globalization. The author describes globalization as a problem only because it is something, which is being mismanaged by institutions (Stiglitz). The author arguments that international institutions such as the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank have made poor organizations poorer. It is because the benefit has been transferred to the developed nations and because the institutions have prioritized profits over environmental health, the peoples’ lives in the poor countries have been compromised. The author puts responsibility of mismanagement to the international institutions, which look for the size, the volume of an economy and the power in a respective nation to provide benefits and opportunities. The author actually tries to put a light on the context that globalization is a problem if it gets mismanaged or uncontrolled (Stiglitz). Leading the argument the author comes with an objection that United States, which is largest in economic volume, gets the veto power from the IMF. Similarly, the country being the largest in all economies appoints the head of the World Bank, the organization which deals with the sanctioning up of loans to world’s poor countries. ... Stiglitz settles the argument by describing the implications of Washington Consensus, which is a consensus build up just to weaken the already deprived countries. The author asserts the policies of the Consensus, which declare lending machinery, which is often counterproductive instead of out-bringing for the poor nations. The policies actually favor the bureaucracy, the capitalist regime and the high rise authorities which only fall in the idea of profit maximization (Lopez 10-14). The author explains that mismanagement of globalization is caused by four major practices; high privatization, low investment, low taxes reforms on imports, and high volatility of the foreign capital. The argument of the author extends on the consequences of these practices which have been adopted by the poor nations as proposed by the power block (The World Controlling Economic Machinery). All the countries have got from these practices and policies is that they have gone to more economic instability. It is deprivation of the countries, which they have received from these undermining practices and policies (Stiglitz 5-7). Context 2 Managing Globalization as a Solution The book has provided extensive knowledge on how globalization can become the benefit of the deprived (Lopez). It has explained the propositions of the author that how globalization can be turned to the benefit of the underprivileged world. Balancing out the trend of globalization and its affects is the second context/segment of the book, presenting globalization as a solution if it gets managed in accordance to the improvement of people’s lives (Putterman). Stiglitz proposes certain solutions in regards of globalization and the trend of it. The author talks about the changes and reforms in the globalization

Trauma experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trauma experience - Assignment Example The bereaved adult will also have poor communication and social skills, especially when dealing with his peers. Moreover, the young adult may lack motivation for academic and occupational success. The loss of parental advice is not replaceable and there is a need for continuous guidance and counseling as well as encouragement from friends and the society in general. The loss of a parent, especially when this parent was a responsible breadwinner of the family may cascade into an increased burden especially on the elderly children. Such elderly bereaved young adults have a higher risk of diverse psychological problems such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. As a result, the elderly bereaved young adults may fail to handle such situations resulting in drug abuse and unhealthy behaviors. According to numerous researches on developmental psychology, the effects of family adversities and risks on the elderly bereaved young adults has grown beyond psychological problems perspective to include other consequences from broader indicators of adaptive strategies. They include the consequences of adversity for the achievement of developmental tasks in the education and career sectors, as well as policies in the improvement of interpersonal relationship. In my case, the loss of my father in an accident three months ago has affected my entire family. My mother and my sister cannot talk to anyone. This is because no one ever thought that our bread provider could suddenly leave us. Additionally, the bereavement has left me with a huge responsibility of taking care of my family. As a result of the complication, I ended up feeling very stressed all the time. I also felt that the society has not only neglected me, but also that careless driver should be awarded death penalty. As a result of the trauma, I decided to interview both my sister ad my mother in order to understand more on how to handle the bereavement and unite my family. Prior to conducting

Perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perception - Essay Example Step 4: Save a copy for yourself in an easily accessible place, and post a copy of your summary to the Drop box. And Step 5: Read other students’ posts. Sensation and Perception Functions and Role Sensation is the basic process of detecting that a stimulus is in the world. Perception is the process involved in identifying and interpreting the stimulus that is detected in sensation. (Krantz, 1.6). Three of the main organs for sensation are eyes, ears, and skin. Eye is the organ of sight. The eyes enable us to explore the world with precision, balance, and sense of wonder. Its role in human behavior is very important as it plays a vital role in survival, reproduction, and building/maintaining social and role relationships. The ear is the hearing organ. Our ears provide a rich and complex experience of the world, complementing the visual functions. Ears influence human behavior by means of communication/language. Our ears’ perception affects mental health and our relations hip to others. The skin is the organ of touch and it is the body’s outer covering. Its function includes insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and protection. It also gives appearance and shape. Our skin helps us withdraw from danger and reacts to environmental stimulation. Its role in behavior involves human interactions and reproduction.

Design a Risk Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design a Risk Assessment - Assignment Example This risk assessment will therefore be done in order to assess the effect of the expansion plans that was carried out that involved installation of four new wire drawing machines and enlargement of the HCL tank. Even though the company has scheduled risk assessment plans and daily plant machine safety checks, the expansion project falls out of the scope of the scheduled plant assessments that are usually carried out at intervals as the expansion is a new thing in the company hence needing urgent assessment of the risks and how to handle them effectively. The main aim for undertaking this risk assessment is to identify the hazards and risks linked with the expansion work that was done in the wire drawing section and the galvanizing section, analyze the risks and find a solution to them. This assessment to be carried out will be specific in that it will only involve two sections of the plant: wire drawing and GIP section. The hazards in each of the two sections will be identified by four means. The first method of identifying the hazards will be to examine information about the new equipment installed in these two sections (Royer, 2004). The second means will be by consulting the employees and operators who work in these two sections so that they can help identify the potential hazardous situations in their areas of work. The third method will be to determine the potential hazards by examining the work places in the two sections under consideration. The final method will involve brainstorming as a team to help identify and think of the hazards that might be associated with the expansion work. After identifying the hazards, they will be recorded in the Hazard Summary sheet after which risk analysis will be done (Laird & Mccutcheon, 2007). The analysis and assessment done will help in coming up with the ways to counter any hazard that will be identified in the course of this

The nature of Darwin's Contributions to the study of evolution Essay

The nature of Darwin's Contributions to the study of evolution - Essay Example Most f these masses said nothing, however, some vocally supported such persons as Charles Hodge, a Princeton theologian who preached that Darwinism was atheism. John William Dawson and Arnold Guyot, two f the last reputable nineteenth-century creationists attempted to oblige science by interpreting the days f Genesis "as ages and by correlating them with successive epochs in the natural history f the world" (Ruse, 229). Dawson and Guyot cited several supernatural interventions, particularly in their theories f the first humans; however, they attempted to keep such paranormal citations to a minimum, thus focusing on a maximizing f operations f natural law. Between 1910 and 1915, The Fundamentals was published to rejuvenate and reform Christianity throughout the world. These booklets were mass-produced, and, at the time, posed a bigger threat to orthodox faith than did evolution. According to Numbers, "Although one contributor [to The Fundamentals] identified evolution as the principal cause f disbelief in the Scriptures and another traced the roots f higher criticism to Darwin, the collection as a whole lacked the strident anti-evolution that would characterize the fundamentalist movement f the 1920s" (249). William Jennings Bryan soon became the ideal spokesman for an anti-evolution crusade. He was politically involved and, although lost the bid for presidency three times, had a national reputation, vast prestige, and a strong following. Bryan often preached f the silliness f humans having a biological connection to apes. After the outbreak f World War I, Bryan began to trace the source f trouble to the influence f Darwinism. From the information printed in two published books, one by Vernon Kellogg and one by Benjamin Kidd, Bryan blamed the deterioration f Christianity and democracy on the support f theories f evolution. Each f the two books cited conversations among German officers revealing that Darwin's biology had played a major role in convincing the Germans to declare war. Bryan furthered his crusade by noting that beliefs in evolution were the main cause f students to lose faith in the Bible. In class we learned that "creation science" has, indeed, not been proven as a science, thus should not be taught in schools. However, it is that same claim that was used by many creationists when referring to theories f evolution-- that it is not scientific. The crusade against evolution was given a significant boost in 1921 when British biologist William Bateson declared that scientists had not discovered "the actual mode and process f evolution" (Bateson, 56). Even though Bateson urged creationists not to misinterpret his statement as a rejection f evolution, they ignored him and accepted the statement as a minor triumph. Nonetheless, when it came down to a scientific debate, the creationists had only a handful f legitimate scientists-- including one or two physicians and a few teachers. In 1925 came the famous Scopes trial, where a high school teacher, John Thomas

The reation and Incidence of Nuclear Weapons Essay - 3

The reation and Incidence of Nuclear Weapons - Essay Example The paper will compare the articles written by John Muller and Robert Gallucci and discuss their viewpoints where Muller believes that nuclear weapons pose no threat to the world and Gallucci has stated that these weapons can be dangerous. In the article by John Muller, the incidence of nuclear weapons proves to be of no use nor danger to the world for a number of reasons. This includes the fact that after the second world war, a lot of research has been placed towards their development and production. At the same time, policies have been enforced and forecasts have been made that their explosions are bound to take place during ten year periods. However, so far, no accident pertaining to them that is neither explosion nor the usage of nuclear weapons has taken place, despite years having passed through. The nuclear weapons have been developed to deter the Soviet Union from inaugurating military aggression, similar to that which had been practiced by Hitler, despite the party having no interest in doing such a thing. On the contrary, in accordance to the article by Gallucci, the obvious concerns of the worldwide policy makers with regards to nuclear weapons is highlighted whereby it is mentioned that the mere creation of these weapons has proved to be one of the most endangering events in the course of history. This is because these weapons not only possess the power to cause destruction to the world but they are also able to cause reactions which would result in massive climatic changes to be experienced globally as well. The possession of such weapons is deemed to be a source of safeguard against oppression against one’s economy. However, it must be considered that errors are bound to exist and these can prove to be very costly when nuclear power is involved (Gallucci 54). Mueller states that the productions of these weapons have caused wastage in the monetary fund's which are used to develop. This is due to the fact that they are never intended for use and in accordance to the Brookings Institution study of 1998, the United States has spent over $5.5 trillion on these weapons since 1940 (Muller 2).

Ethics paper on Privacy and Confidentiality Term

Ethics on Privacy and Confidentiality - Term Paper Example These aspects range within intellectual, behavioral and physical factors in our lives (Chmara). Relative to privacy is confidentiality, which refers to treatment of data, or information that one has disclosed with an expectation that the information will not unveil to other people. Confidentiality is based on trust and anything under confidential terms should only remain within boundaries (Rothstein). At times, there are actions and measures directed at maintaining and protecting the confidential data. While privacy is all about people, a sense of control on other people access on us, protection rights and maintaining information within the power of the participant; confidentiality is about identifiable data, extensions on privacy, and agreements about maintenance along with access controls. From this perspective, confidentiality to some extend comprises of privacy (Rothstein). From my point of view, people posses a need for prima facie rights in privacy. In life, there exists a need for a right in revealing and concealing our relationships with the society and the outer world at large. In this perspective, at our work places, issues addressing health and productivity only concern the employed and the employer (Tomes). Again, there are situations that foster public interests, through agencies, institutions or the government, that demand on legitimate basis on the quest to know. In this case, it becomes very difficult to determine the needs to give priority. The dilemma is widely based on ethical conflicts. According to the health center laws, the difference in these two terms in shown in their description. Privacy is described as a control larger than timing, circumstances and extend that is associated with intellectual, behavioral and physical sharing of others. On the other hand, confidentiality entails information treatment as disclosed by individuals in accord to trust that it will never be disclosed (Behrnd-Klodt). Now, if the need to know from the employe r’s perspective does not tally with those of an employee, a paramount decision has to be made. Conflicts in terms of ethics rise because an employer is responsible for the protection of their consequent employees against health hazards at the work place. For this phenomenon to become a reality, calls employees to give in data on their health and working conditions to the employer must be enhanced. With reference to privacy and confidentiality, the much that employees are obligated in according their information to their employers, they might want to have some data with held, as a secret or on a confidential basis (Rothstein). Working in a health center might pose many challenges especially when faced with incredibly difficult situations. An individual wanting services from a health center may not want to get stigmatized based on the health issues she is attended. A good example is a pregnant woman entering a health center to get pregnancy counseling but does not want stigmati zation. Such stigmatizations are available in most health centers especially due to the signboards that give the health center clients directions to different offices (Chmara). Although most of the hospital managements do not appear to identify this as lack of privacy, in my opinion, it is. Specialists believe that closing of windows in time of physical examination and keeping results in the private area section entails privacy. However, this is

Brazil Culture Night Essay Example for Free

Brazil Culture Night Essay We have a lot of different cultural events going on, but at the International House there is always a culture event every two or three weeks. They usually dedicate a week to a specific culture. They show movies, do lectures, have coffee night and much more. They have different cultures every time. International House had culture events on different cultures like: China, Brazil, Japanese, French, Nepali, German, India, and many more. I have been to many of these culture events. One event in particular that I had been to recently is Brazil culture night. Brazil culture night was held on Wednesday, March 14, 2012. The doors opened at 6:00 but the actual event started at 6:30 and it lasted until 8:30. The event was held in the International House Great Room where all the events are usually held. I was very excited to go to this event because I know very little about Brazil but I have heard a lot and I was very excited to go and find out new things about Brazil. I specially wanted to see the food and the music. And the language, Portuguese. When I first walked in the lobby of International House it was packed! Everywhere there were lots of people. I saw different age group people from kids to late adults. This made me even more exciting, I love to see lots of people coming to event it just makes it even more fun. In the beginning as soon as you go in, you get your food and you find a place to sit. When I saw the food, my mouth got so watery. My Portuguese professor from last semester was serving us food, and she had told me that she made most of this food. This surprised me because I never thought that she could make this great food. The food was amazing, I specifically loved the desert, I did not know what it was called but it was all chocolaty and it was shaped like a round ball. After every one got sattled in, which completely filled the Great Room there was no space for anyone to sit, some people were even standing. And then the program started around 9:30. There were two presentations, one from the Brazilian people itself and another one was a students here who went there to do the study abroad program. Both of these presentations were very interesting, I learned a lot from them. It made me want to go to Brazil to do the study abroad program. The places they went to were just so beautiful. Later they had the band, â€Å"Cafà © Basil† and they played amazing as well. I realized that I really enjoy Portuguese music I never thought that I would like this type of music but I really enjoyed it. Later they had the Jiu-Jitsu demonstration, which was really interesting. I wish I could something like that. And at the end there was some Samba dance demonstrations, which Joanna presented. I was just mind blown when I saw it! They taught people from audience and then some people just joined them. I really enjoyed the Samba dance. They also had a traditional dancing. Overall I really enjoyed myself there. There was not a better way I would have wanted to spend my Wednesday night. I really enjoyed the food and loved the Samba dancing. I am really glad that they pass flyers around campus, post these events on International House website and also they use facebook to get a lot of people coming to these events. They always have a great out come. Sometimes they do not even have enough food left for the helpers. They have volunteers helping during these events. These volunteers are students and most of them are from the club, Asian American Association. I believe that these students do a great job, in weather it if preparing the food or preparing for the event. One another positive thing about these events held at the International House is that, these events allow us to meet new people outside of what we normally see, who our normal friends are. I have made a lot of new friend from going to these events. I have friends from lots of different culture only because I go to these culture events and I see them there. These events also allows us to experience other culture but in our own comfort zone. I also like how the main focus of these events is that, it show people on campus the similarities and differences between cultures in an interesting fun way, which everyone enjoys. I learned a lot from these events. Like I learned to do a little of Samba dancing and some interesting facts and also the food was amazing. I think they should just keep up the good work that they are doing. They should find a bigger room so that everyone could sit and enjoy but other then that it was wonderful. I loved it!

How The Modern Police Force Has Developed Criminology Essay

How The Modern Police Force Has Developed Criminology Essay This assignment looks at how the modern police force has developed since it was first formed as the Metropolitan Police force and how it has developed to and expanded. Also how the public perceives the police and what they expect from them. In the early 19th century there was very little organisation in the police force, but as London expanded and the population increased the law and order needed to be maintained. Crime and policy came under investigation and in 1828 Sir Robert Peel organised a committee that provided evidence for his new police bill which is the main thing that led to the police force in London becoming organised. The metropolitan police was first organised in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel and Sir Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne are appointed as Justices of the peace who are in charge of the police force. In 1834 the select committee who inquire into how well the police are working within the metropolis area reported that that the metropolitan police force, as respects its influence in repressing crime and the security it has given to persons and property, is one of the most valuable modern institution. In 1836 the metropolitan police take the bow street horse patrol into its ranks. The select committee the n look into affairs of police officers and recommend that the City of London police should be put under the control of the metropolitan police force. In 1838 the select committee recommends that the marine police section and the bow street runners, who were the first organised and paid police force, and the bow street office is also to be disbanded. All of these recommendations came into effect in this year. The dockyard division of the metropolitan police is formed in 1841 and in 42 the detective department is formed. By 1845 the commissioners aim to have one police officer to every 450 people in the population. By the end of the 1840s there was a large scale enrolment into the special constabulary to help the metropolitan police deal with the chartist demonstrations, the strength of the metropolitan police was 5,288 who were able to perform duty and the population of London at the time was 2,473,758. The black marias were used to move prisoners in 1857. In 1862 there was further r ecruitment into the metropolitan police and the X and Y divisions were formed in west London and Y division in the north and later on they patrolled north east London. The standard height is raised to 5ft 8ins except for the dockyard division which is 5ft 7ins. The police strike for the first time in 1872. The police offices at Great Scotland yard are taken into possession on the 4th October 1875 by the detective department. In 1879 Initial rules for dealing with Murder cases, released on 7 June, stated the body must not be moved, nor anything about it or in the room or place interfered with, and the public must be excluded.. there were 13,319 officers in the metropolitan police force by 1885 for a population 5,255,069. The new headquarters are opened at New Scotland Yard in 1890. In 1895 there were certain qualifications that had to be met to join the police which were they had to be over 21 and under 27 when they joined, they also had to be 5ft 9ins tall without shoes, they also h ave to be able to read well and have readable writing, have a reasonable level of intelligence and be in good health. In the last year of the 19th century the metropolitan police force had risen to 16,000 officers to police 7 million people. The finger print bureau started operations in 1901.when the First World War starts in 1914 24,000 special constables were recruited and by the end of the year there were 31,000 and women were also first recruited in this year to police the women who had taken over most of the jobs the men had done. By the end of the First World War there was another strike for more pay and better conditions and recognition of the union. Women started patrolling in 1919 and the flying squad was formed. The police box system was started on an experimental basis. The metropolitan police forensic laboratory is opened in 1935. The 999 system was introduced in 37. In the 60s the police started using vehicles more instead of foot patrols in the form of the panda car. T he headquarters are moved, in 1967, from the Norman Shaw building to Broadway but keeps the name New Scotland Yard. In 1980 the metropolitan Air Support Unit was first formed. In 1997 the National Automated Fingerprint Identification System was installed (N.A.F.I.S). The requirements to join the police has changed drastically since they first came in in 1895. There are no academic requirements, it is open to graduates and non graduates where as before officers had to have good level of reading and writing but because the education system has developed since the 19th century and everyone has to go to school that isnt usually a problem. There is no longer a height requirement for recruits especially know as there are no restrictions on sex or ethnic background to join the police. the age requirement is very broad now as it is 18 and a half -55 years old, where as before it was between 21 and 27 to join. Applicants still have to be reasonably fit and healthy but now have to go through several fitness tests. The entry requirements to join the police now are now more general as it is open to anyone. Police communications started when the telephone was first invented, police phones and boxes were set up in the cities so that police could check in and report crimes. The police boxes were replaced with the police band radio came in several configuration, some had multiple channels, the radio was usually mounted in a panda car and was used to inform and update other officers on patrol. The radio has developed further into the radio system that is used today which is the airwave radio. The airwave radio is a digital and has replaced the analogue radio. There are many benefits of the airwaves radio some of which are there is improved coverage and speech clarity, also improved security and encryptions of communications, national roaming, scope for mobile data applications and improved ability for inter operational communications between the police and other emergency services. The police needed a new radio system because the old one had become out of date and the digital technology pro vides much better coverage and clearer signals. The TETRA technology covers more of the country so there are fewer gaps in the coverage, TETRA can also cope with major incidents when there are going to be many radios being used at the same time without overloading the network. During the Brixton riots the police were not equipped properly to deal with the situation and not only did many officers get injured but they were also forced to use bin lids for protection. The riot gear has since improved and the padded protection covers the body, there are proper helmets with face guards and the shield that are designed to with stand the situation of a riot. Sikhs in the police are not allowed to join the fire arms unit because they cant wear a helmet due to their religious requirements which are the 5 ks. The one that is the problem is the Kesh or uncut hair. Having uncut hair is believed to be a symbol of holiness and strength and is also a symbol of their wish to move beyond concerns of the body. British Police Sikh Association calls on Home Office to develop ballistic material to allow members to join firearms units. Sikh police officers want to have bulletproof turbans made so that they can be in the fire arms unit. In Sikhism men are required to wear a turban but because of the current police safety regulations they have to wear a helmet but they dont fit on top of the turbans and their religion states that they are not allowed to remove the turban. A ballistic material is being developed that would provide a degree of protection when worn so that Sikh police officers can be involved in fire arms operations, although there is an au gment that Sikhs dont have to wear crash helmets when they are riding a bike or motorcycle under the motorcycle crash helmets(religious exemption) act 1976. Research has begun to find the right material for making the bulletproof turban but it needs to pass the Home Offices tests before it can be issued to officers. Tens of thousands of pounds has already been spent to try and find a wear that Sikhs can wear but will also provide an adequate amount of protection, this happened when a Sikh officer applied to join the counter-terrorist operational Support Unit. Police community support officer (PCSO), work on the frontline with the local police force, providing a visible and reassuring presence on the streets and tackling the problem of anti-social behaviour. It is a full time, paid job. PCSOs have different roles in different forces, but they usually patrol a beat and interact with the public, while also offering assistance to police officers at crime scenes and major events. Depending on where they work, they can deal with minor offences, offer early intervention to help stop or slow down people who are committing an offence, provide support to police on the front line, conduct house to house enquiries, guard and monitor crime scenes and provide crime prevention advice to the general public. Although PCSOs do not have the same powers as regular police officers, they still carry a lot of responsibility, and are a critical part of the police force. They do not carry any of the equipment that regular police use like cuffs because they havent had the training and they dont have the right to enforce the law. Police community support officer will work to complement and support regular police officers, providing a visible and accessible uniformed presence to improve the quality of life in the community and offer greater public reassurance. Police community support officers have a unique role that is designed purely to tackle local anti-social behaviour and issues affecting other peopels quality of life. Police Forces continue to support community support officers because they areproviding a visible and regular patrol, unlike neighbourhood wardens, they are employed by the police and have some powers provided by an Act of Parliament to allow them to directly tackle some anti-social behaviour issues. The term moral panics are mainly associated with Stan Cohen, who used it in his book Mods and Rockers in the 60s. Cohens sociology was a mixture of American labelling theory and left wing British sociology which concerns youth and social class. Societies are subjected to periods of moral panic, a condition, episode, person or a group of people can be thought of a threat to a societies values and interests, its nature is stereotypically presented by the media. Sometimes the focus of the panic always around but can suddenly appear in the publics eye and can easily pass on and be forgotten but it can also be of a more serious nature and be kept in the front of the publics mind which can cause changes to be made in legal and social policies. One of the most remembered uses of the term was in Jock Youngs article in 1971 when he talked about the public concern about drug use. Thompson (1998) came up with five stages in a moral panic. One is something or someone that is defined as a threat to values or interests. Two is the threat is shown as a recognisable form by the media. Three is there is a quick build up of public concern. Four is that there is a response from the authorities. Five is the panic recedes or there are results in social changes. Conclusion The police have changed over the years to make them more efficient at their job of protecting the publics life and property. Thing like the new finger print system have helped to catch criminal and reduce the amount of crime. Police cars have made the police more mobile and capable of attending incidences quicker and the radio has made police able to communicate with any other officers with in their force and also they can report incidences and accidents quicker which allow other services to respond which saves more lives and makes the general public feel safer and trust the police with their safety. The police community support officers may not be able to enforce the law like regular officers but they can act as a deterrent because they are someone in uniform which criminals and law breakers would be aware of, they also provide reassurance to they public and can give information to other people making them aware of causes of crime and what the police do to stop it from happening. Th e police are making sure that all the forces have more women and ethnic minorities so that they can relate to the smaller communities who could other wise be less inclined to approach police because they might think of them as racist due to allegations that were made during the 1980s so having women and ethnic minorities working in the police gives the whole police force a more approachable look.

Strategy Implementation Procter Gamble Company

Strategy Implementation Procter Gamble Company Procter and Gamble Company (PG) is USs leading maker of household consumer products. With its headquarters in Downtown Cincinnati Ohio, PG is also a Fortune 500 American multinational corporation highly recognized for a chain of business innovations (Katrina, 1999.p.146). PG for instance has been admired for effective brand management and the soap operas. The company has operations representation in at least 80 countries internationally providing a range of products in diverse categories including; beauty care, health care, baby care, beverages, home care, and snacks among others (Griffin, 2006.p.138). Corporate strategy is every companys tool for competitive advantage attainment. This paper undertakes to evaluate how corporate strategy and other structural changes impacted on PGs competitive advantage since the 1990s. Specific focus is directed toward the key changes that occurred in the company in the 1990s and the contribution made by Al Lafley in his nine year tenure at PG. PG company was formed with intention of providing quality branded products and services for the consumers in the international market. As a profit company, it aimed at winning consumers in the competitive market environment through exploiting excellent leadership, quality and value service provision. PG started in 1837 as a partnership between William Procter and James Gamble to manufacture and sell candles and soap. Today, PG has over 300 brands marketed and sold in over 160counties across the globe. PG has 16 of her key products producing revenue in excess of $1 billion per year. These products include; Ariel, Downy, and Tide (laundry products); Actonel (for osteoporosis treatment); Always (feminine protection); Bounty (paper towels); Charmin (bathroom tissue); Crest (toothpaste); Folgers (coffee); Iams (pet food); Olay (skin care product); Pampers (diapers); Pringles (snacks); and Head Shoulders, Pantene, and Wella (hair care products) (Katrina, 1999.p.146). Reading PGs company history, the company had performed quite well over the ears since its inception, overcoming market challenges (social, economic and political) through tactful brand management and innovative strategies until brand equity challenges emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Some of the earlier successes of PG Company included; rapid growth and expansion during the 1850s amid strong competition, prosperity during the civil war period during which her competitors outputs plummeted, the introduction of innovative employee benefits in 1903 hence becoming a renowned employee-benefit programs leader, and the one man one brand brand management debut of 1931 which made brand management at PG become a fixture to be replicated by other companies (Boyer, 2009.p.494). PG Company was also able to successfully circumvent around the Great depression to emerge virtually unscathed. With radio playing a key role to deliver PG information into homes at the time, PG began sponsorship of radios serials in 1933 which were later referred to as soap operas Her fame for packaging expertise earned PG a military application by government to oversee Ordinance plants construction and operations. Talking of the successes at PG can not be complete without mentioning the Companys post World War II growth miracle that was fueled by the introduction of a synthetic detergent (Tide) in 1946 which brought a complete shift in the cloth washing trends at the time. Investing in further research and the tapping into acquisition strategy made PG to remain on profit making axis over years since the 1950s (Redmond, 2010.p.162). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the weakening of economy coupled with the resulting consumer value bias started to weaken the brand equity for PG. These occurrences favored performance of private labels in both health and beauty lines. PG responded to this threat by launching Every Day Low Pricing (EDLP) strategy to induce consumers while implementing promotional kickbacks for wholesalers. The EDLP covered 50-60%of the companys product range which included; pampers and Luvs diapers, Cascade dish soap, and Jif peanut butter. Although the Company strategy was met by mixed reactions with some retailers rejecting it, many others supported the Companies value-conscious positioning efforts. With this support, PG actually made good savings from trade promotions which were then ploughed back into direct marketing activities meant to reach out to some target groups for narrow market base brands through the coupon and sample programs. The target products for the program included Pampers, Cl earasil, and Oil of Olay (Harmon, 2003.p.352). PG also joined the green bandwagon of environmental marketing by adoption of reduced packaging strategy which saw the company provide concentrated product formulations in relatively smaller packages, as well as refill packs applied for 38 of the companys brands across 17 countries in the 1990s. In July 1991, PG acquired the international Max Factor and Betrix lines from Revlon, Inc., thus expanding PGs presence in cosmetics and fragrances. As part of her strategy to attain meaningful growth, PG also divested her holdings in those areas the company considered to have outgrown. For instance, in 1992, PG sold almost 50% of her cellulose and specialties pulp trade to Weyerhaeuser Company (Katrina, 1999.p.147). Vertical integration had been observed to have helped PG develop her paper products in the past. However, with time, things had change and he 1990s saw unprofitable and distracting forest trade. Therefore in 1992, PG decided to sell off the Italian coffee business to allow more focus on the core European brands. The Companys strategy was to tap into the well established regional markets through introduction of pan-European packaged, branded and advertised products. In the next section, this paper explores PGs major restructurings and Acquisitions pursued in mid to late 1990s period (Griffin, 2006.p.138). The main objectives of PG at this time were to enhance its competitive advantage in the market through various designed strategies and policy options. Specific goals for the company included; ensuring that her brand-name products became more price-competitive so that they could effectively compete the private label and generic brands in the market; enhancing efficiency so that products reach the market aster, and increasing the companys profit margins. To achieve, these, PG pursued a number of cost cutting policy measures including winding up of 30 of her international plants and laying off 12% of her total workforce (13000 jobs). The estimated cost of the restructuring program was $2.4 billion and the estimated accrued savings for the company were to a tune of over $600 million. Together with these, the program raised the companys net income margins from 7.3% to 10.2% in 1994 and 1998 respectively (Dana, 1997.p.D1). The restructuring period was to reach its culmination in 1997. But in the course of the restructuring process, PG increased its pace for acquisitions, making a considerable number of acquisitions in the period, some of which were quite successful, while some became a big failure. These acquisitions included: the 1994 purchase of Vereinigte Papierwerke Schickedanz AGs European tissue unit with aim to venture into European tissue and towel trade. PG also acquired Giorgio Beverly Hills, Incs prestige fragrance business. During the same year 1994, when the US lifted the existing sanctions, PG ventured back into the South African market and subsequently changed its geographic management framework in 1995; apportioning its operations into two (namely- US and International) with four regions in total (i.e. Asia, North America, Latin America, and Europe/Middle East/Africa). At the same time, IN July 1995, the company leadership (CEO) changed hands from Artzt to Pepper. Durk I. Jager (Harmon, 2003.p.352). It was during 1996 that PG bought the Eagle Snacks brand that that was before then a property of Anheuser-Busch. Other brands purchased the same year included; the Latin American brands Lavan San household cleaner and Magia Blanca bleach and Baby Fresh of US. Perhaps the most memorable event of 1996 for this company was the receiving of approval from the U.S Food Drug Administration (FDA) to use the controversial olestra (Boyer, 2009.p.494). Olestra was a fat substitute to be applied in snacks and crackers. PG had spent about $250 million to conduct research about olestra and by the time FDA was approving the product, a stipulation had already been circulated by FDA that a label must be attached to any food with these substance in it to warn the public of possible gastrointestinal side effects. This impacted heavily on the products ability to gain market, and even with concerted test marketing efforts, products with olestra never ever caught on in the market. In the long run, Olestra was declared one of PGs biggest product failures in the companys history (Boyer, 2009.p.494). After acquisition of Tambrands, Inc. and the Tampax tampons line in 1997, PG launched a new restructuring plan in 1998 and named it Organization 2005. This was after PG had failed to realize the 1996 set goals of doubling profits to $70 billion by 2005 from the then $35 billion. The calculated growth rate had to be 7 annually, but the actual realized growth rate was only 4% hence profits had stagnated around $37.5 billion figure. PG therefore aimed to make a structural shift from the 1995 Organization centered model (of four regions) to a one centered model with seven business units defined on product line basis. The product lines were as follows; Tissues Towels, Baby Care, Fabric Home Care, Beauty Care, Feminine Protection, , Health Care Corporate New Ventures, and Food Beverage (Katrina, 1999.p.146). These changes were important to PG since they aimed at attaining higher innovation and speed through the deliberate strategy and profit responsibility positioning of brands internationally as opposed to centering on geographic locations. These events coincided with the scheduled take over of Jager as the companys president and he subsequently was given the mantle to lead the strategy implementation. Aiming at enhanced innovation and high revenue and profit levels, Jager introduced new initiatives in 1999 to extend those introduced in 1995. These included resolve to continue with more acquisitions, cut down the number of workers by 15000 by year 2005, close down at least 10 factories, and spent an estimated $1.9 billion on restructuring by the year 2005. It is during this period that PG acquired the Iams Company, marking PGs biggest deal that cost $2.22 billion in cash. Iams Company was among the leading manufactures of premium pet food in the US with established global yearly sales estimated at $800 million. Next to acquire was the Recovery Engineering, Inc. at an estimated cost of $265 million. This newly acquired company was based in Minneapolis and produced the water-filter brand PUR that had been on a fast growth path. Attempts by Jager to join the company with the Warner-Lambert company into a risky drug business in 2000 flopped Jagers intention to take over Gillette (razor making) company was rebuffed very quickly in the same year (Dana, 1997.p.D1) While this was happening, PG had by June 2000 issued a 3rd profit warning in a year. These developments forced Jager to resign and subsequently A.G. Lafley assumed the company leadership in capacity of the President and CEO of PG in June 2000 (Dyer, 2004.P.496). The new CEO, A.G. Lafley had joined PG in June 1977, starting as a brand assistant for Joy product. Before his promotion to CEO position, he had been heading the global beauty care unit. What a time t be promoted to the top seat! In the next section, this paper considers Lafleys contribution to the company during his entire 9 year tenure. Having made his first impression at PG simplifying life in the laundry room as he led colleagues in launching liquid Tide, Lafleys strategy applied Druckers back-to-basics formula to overhaul and clean up the entire PG House (Redmond, 2010.p.162). Right from the beginning of his tenure of the top job A.G. Lafley became famous for his four word business winning principle The consumer is boss. In what would perhaps appear like a fools errand to attempt at narrowing down the matching orders that govern an estimated 138000 employees in over80 nations to simple chestnut, Lafleys keep it simple strategy would emerge to speak a lot for itself through the four word phrase The consumer is boss, as the business mantra which he kept on singing to his team (Redmond, 2010.p.163). Lafley started off by slowing down the existing rush to send products into markets. He did this purposely to ensure that the products would be given adequate marketing support before getting into the competitive arena. Lafley then re-focused the companys resources towards shoring up PGs top brands that could earn the company global revenue of at least $1 billion annually. These were just about a dozen products. He immediately re-branded the Oil of Olay to be simply called Olay. This was aimed at allay the notion that Oil of Olay was greasy. Focused on a small number of key brands, the company sold of Clearasil (the acne-treatment brand) for an estimated $340 million to Boots PLC. In the same period FDA gave approval to PG for Actonel brand (prescription treatment for osteoporosis), which was later marketed and attained a remarkable $1billion yearly sales for the trade year 2004 (Boyer, 2009.p.494). Lafley changed the traditional Company approach which tended to favor externally sourced product ideas. He significantly reduced development projects, promoted culture of collaboration with external world as opposed to self centered tradition initially pursued, and went ahead to outsource PGs including manufacturing of oldest brands in the company such as Ivory bar soap. Lafley also significantly restructured the companys workforce through focusing on top-priority countries, advocating for enhanced collaboration within the company divisions, and considerable reduction in number of the total company workforce (by an estimated 20,000 jobs) which included significant number of top level management staff (about 50%) (Harmon, 2003.p.352) A.G. Lafley entrenched some goal winning principles in the remaining team, which he referred to as two consumer moments of truth- first, buying PG products and then, liking them so much that its memorable-at least satisfying and ideally delighting. Lafley argued that since more than 50% of PGs workforce did not have English as their native language, he need to make use of simple slogans which when repeated again and again would keep everyone at pace with current state of affairs in the company. Therefore he maintained Human beings dont want to stay focused, so my job is to get them to focus their creativity around the focus; focus their productivity around the focus; focus their efficiency or effectiveness around the focus (Griffin, 2006.p.138). In summary, aside from the simple effective strategies he pursued to turn around PG, Lafleys 9 year tenure left took the company to the top, more than doubling the sales and significantly expanding the companys range of top brands (those with sales between $500million to $1billion annually) fivefold. Lafley is recognized for shaping PG into a more externally focused and consumer-driven alongside developing a more advanced innovations and employee relations culture at Procter and Gamble (Redmond, 2010.p.163).

Themes of Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte

The novel Wuthering Heights is written by Emily Bronte. The narrative is non-linear, involving several flashbacks, and involves two major narrators - Mr. Lockwood and Ellen "Nelly" Dean. The novel opens in 1801, with Lockwood arriving at Thrushcross Grange, a house on the Yorkshire moors he is renting from the impolite Heathcliff, who lives at nearby Wuthering Heights. Lockwood spends the night at Wuthering Heights and has a terrifying dream: the ghost of Catherine Earnshaw, pleading to be admitted to the house from outside. Intrigued, Lockwood asks the housekeeper Nelly Dean to tell the story of Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights while he is staying at the Grange recovering from a cold. Some of the important themes in Wuthering Heights are, revenge, reciprocated and unreciprocated love, obsession, selfishness, and responsibility. Bronte mainly focuses on the love between Catherine and Healthcliff. The difference between the feeling that Catherine has for Heathcliff and the one she feels for Edgar is that Heathcliff is part of her nature, he is like her soul mate. While on the other hand she only marries Edgar as a means improving her status rather than for genuine love. Revenge is the most dominant theme in the book, although at the end Heathcliff abandons his plan for revenge. For Heathcliff revenge started when Hindley used to abuse him when they were younger. He started to hate him and wanted to seek revenge. After he came back from his journey he made Hindley’s life miserable.Heathcliff also wanted revenge on Edgar who married the woman he loves. In the last chapter Heathcliff first believes that if he can avenge the death of Catherine that he will somehow grow closer to her. Though the exact opposite happens. When Hea... ...there are certain tensions, contradictions, and ambiguities present in Chapter 34 that establish the true intensity Heathcliff's feelings towards Catherine, feelings so intense that they border on a jealous obsession. On the other hand Edgar Linton Edgar represents gentlemanliness. He is viewed as a resident of Thrushcross Grange and he does not relocate throughout his life but is raised and dies here. As his wife, Catherine must move to the Grange, where Edgar is the master and patriarch. His inheritance, unlike that of Heathcliff, is legitimate and he is an educated man. In many ways, Edgar is governed by materialism, we need only examine the description of Thrushcross grange to appreciate the environment which characterises him. He is defined as ‘a doll’, and a ‘spoiled child’. His character is consistent and his love for Catherine devoted and traditional. Themes of Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte The novel Wuthering Heights is written by Emily Bronte. The narrative is non-linear, involving several flashbacks, and involves two major narrators - Mr. Lockwood and Ellen "Nelly" Dean. The novel opens in 1801, with Lockwood arriving at Thrushcross Grange, a house on the Yorkshire moors he is renting from the impolite Heathcliff, who lives at nearby Wuthering Heights. Lockwood spends the night at Wuthering Heights and has a terrifying dream: the ghost of Catherine Earnshaw, pleading to be admitted to the house from outside. Intrigued, Lockwood asks the housekeeper Nelly Dean to tell the story of Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights while he is staying at the Grange recovering from a cold. Some of the important themes in Wuthering Heights are, revenge, reciprocated and unreciprocated love, obsession, selfishness, and responsibility. Bronte mainly focuses on the love between Catherine and Healthcliff. The difference between the feeling that Catherine has for Heathcliff and the one she feels for Edgar is that Heathcliff is part of her nature, he is like her soul mate. While on the other hand she only marries Edgar as a means improving her status rather than for genuine love. Revenge is the most dominant theme in the book, although at the end Heathcliff abandons his plan for revenge. For Heathcliff revenge started when Hindley used to abuse him when they were younger. He started to hate him and wanted to seek revenge. After he came back from his journey he made Hindley’s life miserable.Heathcliff also wanted revenge on Edgar who married the woman he loves. In the last chapter Heathcliff first believes that if he can avenge the death of Catherine that he will somehow grow closer to her. Though the exact opposite happens. When Hea... ...there are certain tensions, contradictions, and ambiguities present in Chapter 34 that establish the true intensity Heathcliff's feelings towards Catherine, feelings so intense that they border on a jealous obsession. On the other hand Edgar Linton Edgar represents gentlemanliness. He is viewed as a resident of Thrushcross Grange and he does not relocate throughout his life but is raised and dies here. As his wife, Catherine must move to the Grange, where Edgar is the master and patriarch. His inheritance, unlike that of Heathcliff, is legitimate and he is an educated man. In many ways, Edgar is governed by materialism, we need only examine the description of Thrushcross grange to appreciate the environment which characterises him. He is defined as ‘a doll’, and a ‘spoiled child’. His character is consistent and his love for Catherine devoted and traditional.

Animals In The Eyes of The Dragon :: essays papers

Animals In The Eyes of The Dragon Although it may seem quite absurd, the role of animals in The Eyes of the Dragon is a very supreme and dignified part of the novel. Through the development of the novel, the animal kingdom roars novel from insects to dogs and they all play their own, individual roles. The great black and white Anduan Husky named Frisky who is, out of all of her dogs, Naomi's favorite, leads Ben Staad and Naomi directly to the whereabouts of Dennis, Peter's butler. Flagg's animals are symbols of his plans for the downfall of Delain. The dragon that is killed by King Roland may be considered the most the memorable of all. In this archetypal tale, Thomas sees Flagg murder Thomas's father through the eyes of the dragon. In the end of the novel, though, all of the animals' roles fall into place. Frisky, Naomi's companion, is a strong-willed, over-confident, Anduan Husky who may have been the "greatest tracking dog that ever lived." This dog sums up the meaning of a man's best friend. Frisky, who can track a three-day-old scent in the middle winter, is the reason the story takes place as it does. Just as arson dogs help pinpoint the location of substances used to start fires, Frisky uses her keen sense of smell to pinpoint exactly where Dennis, son of Brandon, has journeyed to from Peyna's farmhouse. Dennis's mission is to go back to the castle where Thomas the Tax-Bringer and Flagg, the king's magician, live and are at high power. Peyna, who has just given up his Judge-General's bench, has a feeling that there is some reason why Peter has asked for the Royal Napkins and his mother's dollhouse. Dennis is to find this reason by sending a letter to Peter, who is imprisoned at the time. Dennis journeys from Peyna's farm in the Inner Baronies back to the fearful castle with nothing except for the risks of getting killed. Five days later, with not a soul knowing the whereabouts of Dennis, Naomi and Ben Staad (Peter's best friend) come upon the deserted farm. Naomi's dogs have been pulling the sleds for thirty miles all the way from a snowy hollow in which they were camping. The two now feel helpless. With no clue on where there friend had traveled to, they search diligently for any signs of what they are to do next and find nothing at Animals In The Eyes of The Dragon :: essays papers Animals In The Eyes of The Dragon Although it may seem quite absurd, the role of animals in The Eyes of the Dragon is a very supreme and dignified part of the novel. Through the development of the novel, the animal kingdom roars novel from insects to dogs and they all play their own, individual roles. The great black and white Anduan Husky named Frisky who is, out of all of her dogs, Naomi's favorite, leads Ben Staad and Naomi directly to the whereabouts of Dennis, Peter's butler. Flagg's animals are symbols of his plans for the downfall of Delain. The dragon that is killed by King Roland may be considered the most the memorable of all. In this archetypal tale, Thomas sees Flagg murder Thomas's father through the eyes of the dragon. In the end of the novel, though, all of the animals' roles fall into place. Frisky, Naomi's companion, is a strong-willed, over-confident, Anduan Husky who may have been the "greatest tracking dog that ever lived." This dog sums up the meaning of a man's best friend. Frisky, who can track a three-day-old scent in the middle winter, is the reason the story takes place as it does. Just as arson dogs help pinpoint the location of substances used to start fires, Frisky uses her keen sense of smell to pinpoint exactly where Dennis, son of Brandon, has journeyed to from Peyna's farmhouse. Dennis's mission is to go back to the castle where Thomas the Tax-Bringer and Flagg, the king's magician, live and are at high power. Peyna, who has just given up his Judge-General's bench, has a feeling that there is some reason why Peter has asked for the Royal Napkins and his mother's dollhouse. Dennis is to find this reason by sending a letter to Peter, who is imprisoned at the time. Dennis journeys from Peyna's farm in the Inner Baronies back to the fearful castle with nothing except for the risks of getting killed. Five days later, with not a soul knowing the whereabouts of Dennis, Naomi and Ben Staad (Peter's best friend) come upon the deserted farm. Naomi's dogs have been pulling the sleds for thirty miles all the way from a snowy hollow in which they were camping. The two now feel helpless. With no clue on where there friend had traveled to, they search diligently for any signs of what they are to do next and find nothing at

Competition Bikes Cost Analysis Essay

Every business is involved in production where some costs are incurred. In order for a business to allocate its selling price to its products, costing analysis is required.Costing which is a method of accounting used by financial management is a very essential process. It gives a full description concerning all costs incurred in the business either variable or fixed. It gives the final production cost which in turn is used in determining the selling price of the commodities, the units to be produced which is equivalent to its market share. Competition Bikes needs to put in place a costing system that is essential and economical to its production processes. Recently it’s using conventional based approach which involves assigning costs according to the volume of goods produced. This makes products to be the main determinant of costs. Competition Bikes are in a dilemma whether to continue with conventional approach or shift to activity method of costing. Activity system of costing divides the costs into a number of activities used in the production process. It takes an assumption that costs in an organization have multiple determinants different from its production. In order for the Competition Bikes to decide whether to shift or not, an evaluation is needed where some advantages of activity costing system are considered over conventional volume method of costing. One of the benefits of adopting activity based system of costing is that it gives an accurate computation. This is as a result of taking accounts for costs incurred in each level of production compared to when taken at the end of the production based on the volume produced. Cost drivers are very essential tools when carrying out costing. The activity system of cost accounting gives a clear identification of the specific and precise drivers used in determining the costs. This is very important to any organization as incase of costing problems, it enables the cost accountants to trace them which making it easy to come up with the best mechanism of controlling cost. Through such analysis, it’s beneficial for the Competition Bikes to shift from conventional to activity method of costing which is a better system. The other area that the report takes in to consideration is the breakeven point. This is important as the company is involved with two productions i.e. Titanium Bikes and carbon lite which is done using the concept of cost-volume-profits. This analysis brings the relationship between the profits, volume of goods produced, and the organizations costs. The benefit of an analysis based on breakeven point is to enable the firm to make proper decisions concerning prices of goods produced. The analysis shows that CVP is not an effective approach. This is because it takes an assumption that the organization deals with a single product which is not true to many organizations. Due to this assumption, an establishment of sales mix must be put into place. In every production there are two key types of costs incurred i.e. fixed and variable costs. The report examines the impact of changing them, of which it has shown that it will have a significant effect on the costs. Costing method This refers to the method of reporting and financial recording. It involves the process of taking computations of the costs incurred in the process of producing goods (Chang, Pelliser, 1996 ). This costing is done by a finance manager who takes into consideration different types of cost information and uses them in the computations. This includes costs of company overheads, labor hours and the units of production. This is a tool used by analysts to identify cost drivers and in turn use them in computing costs. Competition Bikes needs to establish an efficient method of costing which is economical and provides accurate information. In order to come up with such a method, it has to examine whether to take volume based or activity based costing. Volume based costing It’s a traditional method of costing of which competition bikes is currently using in its computations. This type of approach allocates costs using the volume of goods produced. It’s different from activity based method as it uses a single cost driver which is the total volume of goods produced. This approach becomes very challenging to the organization when allocating costs using approach. The reason is that in costing, both variable costs and overhead costs are important, but this approach ignores overhead costs which are assigned to products on the basis of their usage of direct labor. It assumes any activity without direct impact on the volume of goods produced, as it considers the main drivers to be the product. It gives inaccurate reports as it’s a traditional approach used in the past where overhead costs were ignored. This was as a result of these costs taking an extremely small part on the overall costs of the organization, which is different nowadays as they are significantly high and the company cannot afford to ignore them. It’s also a structure oriented approach, this implies that it’s more concerned with the chart of the organization rather than actual involvement in the production. It makes the process of production to be very shallow as it gives information concerning total amount of money used, without giving clear details of why it was spent. This brings a challenge incase the company wants to introduce measures of saving costs as no clear information given. Activity based cost accounting It’s a costing method which identifies all the activities involved in the organization concerning the production of goods. It assigns every activity the cost incurred in it before giving the full cost of production. It’s different from volume based which assumes products to be the main cost drivers unlike activities which are the main cost drivers. Activity based puts into consideration the overhead costs of the company enhancing their control through showing the relationship between activities in the organization and the costs incurred. It’s an efficient method as it enables analysts to have a clear cost links between the management responsibilities, products, organizational processes, customers and other cost drivers. Unlike volume based, this approach provides accurate computations as all cost drivers are examined basing them on the cost of running the company. Another benefit of this approach is that it provides the organization with clear ways which can be used when implementing measures of cost saving (Chang, Pelliser, 1996). It’s a process oriented approach as it gathers information about the costs of the firm through organizational process evaluation. Costs problems are well addressed as it provides elaborate information which is used in establishing efficient mechanisms and elaborate information relating to resources used in each activity. Organizational cost levels Unit level; it’s a level where cost is incurred in producing one unit of a product such as cost of cost of direct labor and materials. Batch level; it’s a level where cost is realized after producing a batch of goods such as cost incurred in planning. Product level; it’s a level where cost of every product is computed without considering how many units have been produced such as cost of designing the product. Facility level; these are indirect costs which cannot be linked to any single product such as office expenses and indirect labor. Activity system of costing shows all the activities that leads to overheads costs of the organization. Due to this system enhancing allocation of activity cost pools, it enables computation of the fixed costs in the organization which differentiates period costs from products costs. Recommendation Through the analysis of the two methods of costing, Competition Bikes needs to change from its costing method and adopt activity-based system of costing. The reason behind is that Competition Bikes have a very large portion of its total cost being the fixed cost of over $500000 dollars. Activity based system will help in identifying the different drivers of this cost hence enabling the company to establish measures of saving costs. This approach comprises of six activities namely;factory setups, engineering services, quality controls, products movements, depreciation and utilities. It also identifies cost drivers based on each activity such as setups, engineering, inspections on quality controls and by products used by the factory, which is different from volume based approach which makes it hard for the organization to implement strategies of cost saving. This system is very important as it will enable the company to have accurate costs estimations. This will provide different figures relating to fixed costs as opposed to volume based method. The system will enhance accurate computations by Competition Bikes and them to compute all costs occurring at each level that is variable costs at the unit level, cost of control at the batch level, cost of product movement at the product level and depreciation cost at the facility level. 2. A breakeven point. It’s a situation attained when the total cost of production of a particular product becomes equivalent to the cost of producing it. Its analysis is a very vital tool used in decision making by the business. It helps the business in determining the amount of product to be produced in order to make this product profitable through production plans. This enables the organization to make better decisions concerning prices of the goods from the unit level. Breakeven units It refers to the total number of units an organization is expected to produce in order to make the total cost equivalent to revenues obtained from this product. Titanium breakeven units is 1514, implying that Competition Bikes must sell such units of titanium for the organization to start realizing profits. The one for carbon lite is 915 while for the mix is 2429. This shows that the company needs to produce 2429 units of both products for the business to start making profits. They are calculated by dividing the organization’s fixed cost with the contribution margin. The contribution margin refers to the variation between prices of one unit of a product and the unit cost of the same product. It gives a reflection of amount of money that a specific sale contributes in relation to covering the fixed costs of a firm. The contribution margin fortitanium is $230 since the unit price for titanium is $1500 and its variable cost is $1270. Its sales mix is 550 units for titanium and 350 units for carbon lite. This shows that for every sale of 900 units made by the company, 550 are made up of titanium and the rest 350 are sales of carbonlite. This sales mix for both products is multiplied by their total contribution margin giving 234,500. It’s then divided by 900 so as to attain weighted average that gives a contribution margin of a single unit of the mix giving us 260.56. The contribution margin was obtained by dividing $500,000 by the common weight of the contribution margin giving us; Titanium = 550/900 * 2478 =1514 Carbonlite = 350/900*2478 = 964 Breakeven points in terms of dollars It gives an indication of the amounts of sales that have to be achieved so to enable the firm to cover its entire production cost. In terms of dollars, it’s obtained by multiplying units’ price of the product and its breakeven units. Titanium = 1514 units *$ 850= 1,286,900 Carbonlite= 964 units *1500= 1,446,000 The analysis above indicates that Competition Bikes has to make a sale 1,286,900 of titanium and 1,446,000 of carbonlite for the business to start realizing profits. b. Change in Breakeven analysis Any change made in the fixed costs of the organization brings an impact that is significant to the breakeven analysis. Breakeven point brings the relationship in the organization between its price, fixed costs, variable costs and the volume of sales. If the company decides to increase its fixed cost by $20,000 it gives a new value of $ 520,000. This indicates that the company needs to sell additional units so as to cover that increase. Any change in the business direct materials will also cause significant impact on the breakeven point. If the company increases the cost of direct materials with 20% of the cost, variable cost of both products will increase by the same margin. If contribution margin changes, it results to changes in the contribution margin of the weighted average. Since sales mix of carbonlite is 350, its contribution margin and sales mix becomes 15400. While that of titanium is 550, its contribution margin and sales mix becomes 104885 giving a total of 120,285. Average weight of the contribution margin 120,285/900= 133.65 Breakeven point for the mix 520,000/ 133.65 = 3900 Breakeven points using sales mix of each product Titanium = 550/ 900 * 3900= 2200 Carbonlite = 350/ 900 * 3900= 1517 Breakeven value change in terms of dollars Titanium = 2200 units *$850 = $1,870,000 Carbonlite = 1517 units *$1500 = $2,275,500 Conclusion Every business should adopt a costing system which helps in computing costs incurred in the business. This information is very important in making decisions concerning the prices of the products. Within the two systems of allocating costs, that is volume based and activity based systems of costing. Volume based is not an efficient method as it assumes that product is the main cost driver. Through the above analysis, it’s clear that Competition Bikes should adopt activity based system as it provides accurate information, elaborate information that can be used in providing cost saving mechanism. It has also considered the breakeven analysis which is an important tool in deciding the prices of commodities. Lastly, the report has shown that if there is a change in either the fixed or variable costs, it brings a significant effect on the costs. References Brimson, J. A. (1991). Activity accounting: an activity-based costing approach. J. Wiley. Cao, P., Toyabe, S. I., &Akazawa, K. (2006).Development of a practical costing method for hospitals.The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 208(3), 213-224. Park, S. E., & Lee, Y. K. (2006). Efficient bid pricing based on costing methods for Internet bid systems. In Web Information Systems–WISE 2006 (pp. 289-299). Springer Berlin Heidelberg Source document

Chemical Vision

Final study Sponsored By ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT poster Ministry of Industries & toil G all everywherenment of Pakistan SEDC Building (STP) 5-A, formation Avenue Islamabad Tele (051) 9205595, 9223734 Fax (051) 9206161 lively By design science Management multi topic (Pvt) Ltd (TECHMA) 31/11-A, Abu Bakr Block New garden T experience, Lahore Tele (042) 5881460 Fax-Cum-Tel (042) 5881718 E-Mail emailprotected net. pk 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS comment rogue Nos. Ack straight off leadgement Team of Experts decision even upr sum-up. CHAPTER 1 chain Of The cosmosly concerns chemic substance substance substance persistence 1. 1 Scope of the chemic pains. . 2 Category invigo roamd breakdown of the chemic substance diligence. 1. 3 seek and t individu e precise blend in(predicate)ying in the chemic labor. 1. 4 Classification of the chemic substance substance perseverance ontogenesis of Pakistan imagination 2030. CHAPTER 2 Potential for the culture of mortifiedly chemic industries establish on feedstocks derived from ancient feather industries. 2. 1 Feedstocks derived from primary(a) industries for the dominance maturement of utility(a) chemic industries. pugnacious embrocate base pet regionum and petro chemic re hand umpteenries. olefin petrochemical complex. Aromatic petrochemical complex. 2. 2 graphic botch up base chemicals. 2. 3 Alternative feedstocks for the exertion of commodity chemicals. 2. 4. Feedstocks derived from metallurgical innovationts and polymers, solids engineering acquirement science and metallurgical branches. 2. 5 sepa site(a) mineral establish insures animate of acid and bag industries, cement and glaze over devisets flat coat on limest oneness, gypsum, arguing salt, siemens and silica. 2. 6 Agro base feed stocks. 2. 7 Sources of painful(a) heartys and carry out technologies for chemical exertion festering in Pakistan. 2. 8 Categorization of supplemental chemical industr ies in Pakistan. CHAPTER 3The bring in status of the chemical pains in Pakistan. 3. 1 world-wide 3. 2 The social organization of Pakistans upshots and exports. 3. 3 The role of government in industrial ripening. 3. 4 Limitations of Pakistans industrial policies for chemical application t to each oneing. i- seven somewhat(a) 1 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 3 5 7 10 13 17 17 20 21 1 1 3 8 12 proceed. foliate 1 of 2 CHAPTER 4 4. 1 Modernization of the national formula system for chemical attention learning in Pakistan. Limitations of Pakistans N. I. S. The scope of applied science training display panel with excess province for engineering ontogeny and imaged tructure of applied science festering Board. 4. 2 The role of the national perpetproportionn in explore and engineering science schooling. 4. 2. 1 The current status of R&D in Pakistan. 4. 2. 2 field charge for research and engineering science study. 4. 3 guinea pig military commission for the originatement of s oftwargon and adjurew atomic build 18 for the commercialisation of technologies. 4. 4 guinea pig committee for the tuition of technology constitution and coronation planning. 4. 5 Human re commencement tuition. 4. 6 Integrated plan for the growing of a national innovation system. 4. 7 industrial master plan. CHAPTER 5Profiles of Present jump chemical substance Industries of Pakistan. (Section 1) Caustic soda (Section 2) Soda modify & sodium bi light speedate Section -3) Petrochemicals 1 2 4&5 5 6 7 10 13 15 16 20 1-11 12-19 20-37 CHAPTER 6 Proposal For The Future k at presentledge Of unessential Industries In Pakistan 1-5 CHAPTER 7 Industrial c atomic number 18 Policies 7. 1 Imports, tariff and custom duties. 7. 2 Tariff escalation, description and peaks. 7. 3 contrasting imports duties/taxes. 7. 4 Competitiveness of exports from Pakistan. CHAPTER 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. Attachments Annexure A References 1 2 3 4 1-5 -3 rascal 2 of 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Mr Asad Ilahi, Chief executive despatchicer of the Engineering increase Board, and his commit staff, Mr. M. Farooq Khan, General Manager (Policy) and Mr Yasir Qurban, Project Engineer. They gave their abundant support in the conception of the switch for chemic Industry Development visual modality 2030 and ho engagement in precious information and data, which were essential for the palmy schooling of the project. My thanks to my colleagues and associated consultants Mr Muhammad Sadiq Chaudhry, Dr M. Khalid Farooq and Mr Pervaiz A. Khan.They were a consultation of inspiration and played an active role in discussions for the organic evolution of the strategy. Thank you to my daughter, Leila Butt, for redaction this report. Dr Waheed M. Butt EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The world-wide chemical manufacturing forms the fabric of the modern world. It exchanges sanctioned cranky materials into to a greater extent than than 70,000 diametrical products, non merel y for assiduity, hardly overly for all the consumer goods that people rely on in their daily life. The modern chemical industry is divided into four freehanded categories, comprising basic chemicals, life sciences, extraty chemicals and consumer products.Its corking success is largishly repayable to everlasting(a) scientific and scientific break through with(predicate) and throughs and advances, which pre pass led to the development of clean products and formes. chemical industry development in Pakistan has been classified into (i) the primary field chemical industry and (ii) the unoriginal field chemical industry. patriarchal heavens industries be coarse-scale, cap intense industries comprising refineries, petrochemicals, in shaped sp oil, metallurgical and mineral establish projects. They overly bequeath feedstocks for the secondary chemical industry. petty(a) industries atomic number 18 based on feedstocks all derived from primary vault of heaven ind ustries, or an early(a)(prenominal) option sources of raw materials. These be s slack hood intense and argon based on luxuriously, average or less forward- hold offing technologies. The secondary heavens industries form the groundwork for the profferd chemical Industry Development imagery 2030. autochthonic sector industries which provide feedstocks for the development of secondary sector chemical industries, as healthful as early(a)wise(a) preference sources of feedstocks incorporate of (i) Petroleum and petrochemical refineries.These provide petrochemical negociate chemicals, which form the building blocks for the behave of a very gargantuan number of secondary chemicals, a great deal(prenominal) as polymers, lineaments, pharmaceuticals, drugs, dyes and colours, insecticides, pesticides, resins, paints, pigments, specialty chemicals, and a very large number of consumer and crook materials and products. (ii) Natural shove along based chemicals, which c onsist of methanol and ammonia. These can too be utilise for the yield of a large number of secondary chemicals. (iii) metallurgical metals and non-metals based secondary chemicals and products. administrator thick knave i of septet (iv) Alternative re sassyable feedstocks for the merchandise of secondary chemicals consist of bio-mass, pastoral s bemuses, oils and robusts, molasses and post alcohol. (v) Unconventional immanent bodge. (vi) Mineral based secondary chemical industries derived from sear, limestone, gypsum, rocksalt, silica sandpaper and sulphur. (vii) Vegetable and herbal tea plants utilise in the employment of secondary chemicals, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as dyes, medicines, drugs, cosmetics and associated products. The development of secondary chemical industries atomic number 18 divided amid projects ased on advanced(a) technologies, and those based on medium and less sophisticated technologies. Development of the chemical industry in Pakist an is lagging behind those of differentwise emerging securities industrys. The dissimilar component intakes which drop hampered the development of this industry in Pakistan ar (i) An down the st air world powersdevelop industrial root word. (ii) Reliance on irrelevant engineering and formulation companies for the commercialization of topical anaestheticly developed or merchandise technologies. (iii) Imports of second-hand extremely expertness intensive plants based on antiquated technologies. iv) Reliance on the development of election based, starting time technology, bray intensive products for export. The intent of Chemical Industry Development Vision 2030 is for (i) Pakistan to create its own authority and chance upon self-reliance in project design, engineering and the wind management inevitable for the commercialization of technologies. (ii) To develop dexterity in the increase of medium and amply-pitched technology based chemicals for export, alongside to the perplex industrial structure based on low technology imaging based products. iii) To provide fitted incentives to entrepreneurs for the development of an exportoriented chemical industry. Executive Summary rapscallion ii of vii The development of the chemical industry in Pakistan started in the 1950s and is based on five year plans, with the first plan covering the 1955-60 period. Economic product was based on a policy of import substitution, resulting in varying rates of process of in the midst of 3. 1-6. 8% over 1950-70. However, this masks a exceedingly variable death penalty the rate of growth slowed in the early mid-seventies to an yearbook average of 4. %, but the thriftiness was revitalized in the late mid-seventies and 1980s, before weakening again. However, in national opinion of the inconsistencies in the development of employment policies gear towards export-led growth, Pakistan has failed to boost exports of its even outd goods. By comp arison, sparing growth in south-east Asiatic countries from the 1960s onwards, and in India, china and another(prenominal) late comers from the 1980s, was driven by their exportoriented industrialization policies. All these countries introduced market reforms and provided variant incentives and subsidies in order to enhance their exports of manufactured goods.In accompaniment, these countries excessively developed their own technology and engineering infrastructure by virtue of which they achieved autonomy in the recitation and commercialization of their technologies. As a result, they clear achieved strong annual average growth rates of amidst 8-11% over the past 3 decades. Traditionally, exports from Pakistan remove been dominated by goods engenderd with low technology, resource based feed stocks, much(prenominal) as materials, cotton, readymade garments and leather. These comprise around 60% of thoroughgoing exports.The composition and package in exports of m edium and high technology based products, comprising chemicals, petrochemicals and other manufactured products is very small and has fluctuated between 8-10% of total exports from Pakistan. Conversely, Pakistan has a very high dependence of imports of high esteem-added goods, which be more expensive. Chemicals, drugs, medicines and dyes, as closely as big(p) plant, equipment and machinery, together account for about 40% of total imports with an estimated value of US$16. 3 gazillion for the year 2007/08.As a result, the trade balance has been regularly increase and stood at US$20. 9 trillion in 2007/08. Present trends in Pakistans exports of reduce technology goods indicate that it is facing increase competition from India, mainland China and Bangladesh. In addition, world-wide have for Executive Summary summon iii of vii these products is declining, and the read for high technology products is rapidly growing. This situation calls for a concerted effort towards the deve lopment of a chemical industry based on medium and highly sophisticated technologies.Pakistan has only developed its basic industries, consisting of refineries, fertilizers, cement, abrasion, polyester characters and some other petrochemical based polymer industries, to fulfill local demand. These industries commit been preponderantly developed by extraneous engineering corporations, which were awarded contracts on turnkey basis. However, Pakistan has failed to plunge these imported technologies, or intake them either for the replication of these plants or in the development of associated chemical projects.This dependence on the business and exports of low-valued added goods has held back Pakistans stinting sufficeance and revenue-earning potential. By comparison, South and south-east Asian countries put special emphasis on the development of high technology goods for export. They achieved this through trade liberalization, but their governments similarly introduced industr ial policies that foc employ on the maintenance of macro frugalal st cleverness, the provision of industrial and technology infrastructure, improvements to market institutions and high levels of public enthronement.These countries found public organizations which supported product activities, but they in like manner relied on private firms for the success of their industrial policies. For example, China, which retains its socialist form of governance, introduced market reforms and advocated the supposed Open Door Policy. It also created devil large public sector corporations China internal Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), for the exertion and exploration of oil and gas and China Petrochemical Corporation (SINOPEC) for the development of its petrochemical industry.China also created Petro-China as a guardianship Comp whatever, which offered its sh atomic number 18s on outside(prenominal) markets. The value of this comp any(prenominal) was estimated at US$100 cardinal in 19 99, but has since risen to US$1. 1 gazillion in 2008. The salient features of Chinas public private subprogramnerships (PPPs) is that the public sector is the study sh arholder in the development of its capital intensive industries, whereas the private sector is the majority equity partner in the development of secondary projects. Executive Summary scallywag iv of viiRapid industrialization in Japan and South Korea was driven by multinational conglomeratesKeiretsus and Chaebolswhich created vertical and horizontal diversification of their communication channeles, with the active support of their respective governments. This pattern, in legion(predicate) cases has been followed by unusedly industrialized countries (NICs). Pakistans industrial infrastructure is particular and it relies in general on foreign design and engineering companies for the commercialization of local and imported technologies.Therefore, there is immediate need for enhancing and modernizing its nationa l innovation system (NIS). This is the framework by which a country brings about technological change, and consists of research and development (R&D) institutions, the infrastructure for commercialization of technologies, the structure of educational and technological institutions, regulative agencies, information networks, fiscal institutions and marketing. Process science and engineering technology (PS&ET) is an of the essence(p) character of a NIS and is the foundation for the development of the chemical industry.It integrates various elements of the attend toes of commercialization, from R&D to handle design, project engineering, complex body part, operations and marketing management. interpreted together, these provide the basis for manufacturing excellence and sustainable competitive advantage. In order to attain the goals of Chemical Industry Development Vision 2030, it is essential for Pakistan to enhance its PS&ET capability. We propose that the scope of the Engin eering Development Board should be intensify and given the additional responsibility to modernize and effecten the NIS as the basis for technology development.In order to achieve this objective, three committees should be established under the direction of a Technology Development Board (which lead be an enhanced Engineering Development Board) (i) A National delegation for research and technology development, (ii) A National Committee for the development of softw ar program and hardw be for the commercialization of technologies. Executive Summary Page v of vii (iii) A National Committee for the development of technology policy and enthronisation planning.The role of the National Committee for research and technology development leave behind be to foster linkages between universities, R&D institutions and the chemical industry. dissimilar tasks to be undertaken by this committee ordain involve the formation of sub-committees for different sectors of the chemical industr y identification of problems of each sector infusion of R&D teams from universities, industry and R&D institutes for multidisciplinary research continual appraisal and stinting evaluation of research laboratory and pilot scale work and selection and pull inion of technologies for commercialization.The processes of commercialization of local or imported technologies depends on the operation of science, engineering, design, orchestration and control, safety and env ironment, and some other aspects of capital plant manufacturing, verbalism, operations and marketing management. In order to develop local capability in various areas of project management, we propose the formation of a National Committee for the development of software and hardware as PPP projects.The functions of this Committee will be to support the development of existing or new engineering companies for various tasks. These embroil the identification of new projects the preparation of investment studies on inte rnational criteria the formation of financial packages the development of software and hardware and its application in design and engineering the development of engineering specifications for capital plant manufacturing twisting management and galore(postnominal) other functions much(prenominal) as revamping and modernization of old plants, and facilities for throwback engineering.The successful utilization of various components of technology will depend on the ability of the government to foster PPPs with the involvement of industrial and venture capital institutions and a vibrant entrepreneurial class. We suggest that a National Committee for the development of technology policy and investment wide of the markcastning should be established for (i) The provision of suitable incentives to potential investors, in order to accelerate the processes of chemical industry development and the revision of industrial policies on continual basis.Executive Summary Page vi of vii (ii) The development of investment policies and infrastructure for capital formation. In order to accelerate the formation of investment, we recommend that a Holding Company should be established with the friendship of the financial sector, international donors, friends of Pakistan, overseas Pakistanis and other investors, who would be invited to subscribe as share holders in this beau monde. Profiles of various sectors of existing chemical industries in Pakistan have been prompt.These consist of human existences present and projected outturn, World trade, local drudgery in Pakistan, local market size, local demand, imports, rising prospects for each sector of industry, SWOT analysis with special references to weaknesses, threats and opportunities as fountainhead as present tariff structure on Pakistan. Proposals for the future developments of Secondary Industries in Pakistan have been prepared and suggestions for the development of secondary chemical projects based on locally ob tainable as well as imported materials have been made.The proposed industries have been divided into various sectors consisting of minerals, metallurgical, agro-based alternate sources of cogency, oils and fats and petrochemicals based projects. A number of potential projects in each sector have been proposed and it is suggested that EDB initiate the development of feasibility studies on each of these projects for their future writ of execution. An integrate plan for development of NIS has been proposed and various other equirements consisting of the application of computational technologies, human resource conveyments, and the development of coherent industrial policy are also considered necessary. An Industrial Master Plan must be prepared for the implementation of various elements of the NIS, which should identify Pakistans capabilities and limitations in various priority sub-sectors of the chemical industry. It should develop policy measures and provide fiscal incentives in order to promote investment in various sectors of chemical industry.The development of a NIS on international standards will provide tens of thou sands of job to Pakistans highly measure up manpower. Executive Summary Page vii of vii CHAPTER 1 1. 1. 1 celestial orbit OF THE WORLDS chemical substance application Scope of the Chemical Industry The chemical industry comprises the companies that get under ones skin industrial chemicals. It is profound to the modern world preservation, as it converts raw materials into more than 70,000 different products. The chemical industry is more several(a) than virtually any other industry in the world. Its products are omnipresent.Chemicals are the building blocks for products that stomach our well-nigh(prenominal) fundamental needs for food, shelter and health, as well as products vital to the high technology world of computing, telecommunications and biotechnology. They are apply to come across a wide renewal of consumer goods, and are also inputs in agriculture, manufacturing, construction and services industries. In particular, chemicals are a keystone of world manufacturing, as they are an integral component of all manufacturing sub-sectors, including pharmaceuticals, automobiles, fabrics, furniture, paint, paper, electronics, construction and appliances.It is difficult to fully enumerate the uses of chemical products and processes, but the following nomenclature gives some indication of the level of diversity Polymers and plastics peculiarly polyethylene, polypropene, poly vinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polycarbonatecomprise about 80% of the chemical industrys siding worldwide. The chemical industry itself consumes 26% of its own rail course siding. Major industrial products let in synthetic rubber and plastics, textiles, apparel, polymers, pulp and paper, and primary metals.Chemicals are to the highest degree a US$3 meg planetary enterprise, with chemical companies in t he EU, US and Japan being the worlds largest obtainrs. 1. 2 Category Breakdown of the Chemical Industry The marketing of the chemical business can be divided into a few broad categories, including basic chemicals (about 35-37% of US dollar widening), life sciences (30%), specialty chemicals (20-25%) and consumer products (about 10%). ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1Page 1 of 1 BASIC CHEMICALS or commodity chemicals are a broad chemical grade, which let in polymers, bulk petrochemicals and averages, other derivatives and basic industrials, in native chemicals and fertilizers. Polymersthe largest revenue element, at about 33% of the basic chemicals US dollar value imply all categories of plastics and man-made characters. The major markets for plastics are packaging, followed by home construction, containers, appliances, pipe, goation, toys and games.The largest heap polymer product, polyethylene (PE), is utilise mainly in packaging films and other products, such as milk bottles, containers and pipes. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), other large spate product, is principally utilise to make pipes for construction markets, as well as siding and, to a much smaller extent, transport and packaging materials. polypropylene (PP), which is similar in volume to PVC, is utilize in markets ranging from packaging, appliances and containers, to clothing and carpeting.Polystyrene (PS), a nonher large-volume plastic, is utilise principally for appliances and packaging, as well as toys and recreation. The conduct man-made fibers embroil polyester, nylon, polypropylene and acrylics, with applications including apparel, home furnishings, and other industrial and consumer use. The principal raw materials for polymers are bulk petrochemicals. Chemicals in the bulk petrochemicals and mediums kinfolk are primarily made from liquefied egregious gas (LPG), natural gas and naphtha. Their gross sales volume is close to 30% of total basic chemicals.Typical large-volume products include ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylenes, methanol, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), styrene, butadiene and ethylene oxide. These chemicals are the starting signal materials for most polymers and other constitutive(a) fertilizer chemicals, as well as much of the specialty chemicals category. new(prenominal) derivatives and basic industrials include synthetic rubber, surfactants, dyes and pigments, resins, carbon black, explosives and rubber products. They post about 20% to basic chemicals out-of-door sales. ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1Page 2 of 2 Inorganic chemicals (about 12% of revenue output) are the oldest of the chemical categories. Products include salt, chlorine, caustic soda, soda ash, acids (such as nitric, phosphoric and sulfuric), titanium dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Fertilizers are the smallest category (about 6%) and include phosphat es, ammonia, urea and potash chemicals. LIFE SCIENCES (about 30% of the dollar output of the chemical business), include differentiated chemical and biological substances, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, forcible health products, vitamins and fit out protection chemicals.While much smaller in volume than other chemical sectors, their products tend to have very high pricesover US$10 per poundwith research and development (R&D) spending at 15-25% of sales. carriage science products are usually elicitd to very high specifications and are closely scrutinized by government agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). tramp protection chemicals, about 10% of this category, include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. SPECIALTY CHEMICALS are a category of sexual intercoursely high value-added, rapidly growing, chemicals with diverse end-product markets.They are generally characterized by their progressive aspectsproducts are sold for what they can do rather than f or what chemicals they contain. Products include electronic chemicals, industrial gases, adhesives and sealants, as well as coatings, industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals, and catalysts. Coatings comprise about 15% of specialty chemicals sales, with other products ranging from 10-13%. distinctiveness Chemicals are sometimes referred to as fine chemicals. CONSUMER PRODUCTS include direct product sales of chemicals such as soaps, detergents, and cosmetics.The chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty dollar bill years. The fastest growing areas have been in the manufacture of synthetic organic polymers use as plastics, fibres and elastomers. Historically and currently the chemical industry has been concentrated in three areas of the world Western europium, North the States and Japan (the so-called Triad). The EU remains the largest enkindler, followed by the US and Japan. ___________________________________________________________________________ Cha pter 1Page 3 of 3 The traditional dominance of chemical product by the Triad is at a time being challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price, labour and energy costs, differential rates of frugal growth and environmental compresss. Instrumental in the changing structure of the ball-shaped chemical industry has been recent rapid economic growth in China, India, Korea, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Nigeria, Trinidad, Thailand, Brazil, Venezuela, and Indonesia. 1. 3 Research and Development in the Chemical IndustryThe outstanding success of the global chemical industry is largely due to scientific and technological breakthroughs and advances, facilitating the development of new products and processes. The US chemical industry presently spends about US$17. 6 billion annually on R&D. In fact, according to study by the play for the Future (IFTF), the chemical industry is one of the eight most research-intensive industries. The scientific and technical research of these industries makes our lives safer, longer, easier and more productive.When one re gulls the parts of the chemical industry to our civilization, it becomes clear that rather than any single item-by-item invention or technological breakthrough, it has been the industrys overall commitment to R&D that has been its most significant legacy. Investment in R&D is the single greatest device device driver of productivity increases, accounting for half or more of all increases in output per person. R&D is the source of new products that improve our quality of life, and new processes that alter firms to reduce costs and increase competitiveness.As we look to the future, it is apparent that continued investment in technology is necessary for industry to meet the needs and expectations of future generations. Reaching the goals of Chemical Industry Development Vision 2030 will require Pakistan to build its technology infrastructure, consisting of investment in technology development, co mputer assist design, engineering, plant and equipment manufacturing, construction and marketing management. These areas of development have been grossly neglected in the past and are the major reasons for the present p fainthearted of the chemical industry in the country. __________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 Page 4 of 4 The industrial sector drives the global economy, jointly transacting almost US$3 gazillion per annum. An industry is a collection of companies that perform similar functions. Industry can be utilise to refer to all company groups, or as being a set of entities that utilize productive draw and quarters to convert a simple input into a urbane final product. The size of various industries varies by country, level of development and external demand. . 4 Classification of the Chemical Industry Development of Pakistan Vision 2030 For the purpose of the Chemical Industry Development Vision 2030, this industry is divi ded into main(a) sector industries and Secondary sector industries. Primary Sector Industries The Primary sector industry generally involves the metempsychosis of natural resources into primary products. These are large, highly sophisticated, technology-based, capital intensive projects consisting of (i)Petroleum cultivation and petrochemical industries for the takings of petrochemical intermediates, olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylenes) and BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene), all of which form the basis for the development of monomers, polymers and plastic industries. (ii) Natural gas based projects for the production of ammonia, methanol, fertilizers and associated products. (iii) Mineral based industries consisting of cement, limestone, gypsum, sand and salt. (iv) Smelting and refining of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. They also garden truck raw materials for Secondary industries. v) Agriculture and solid ground Industries These constitute naturally occurring, renewable s ources of raw materials, such as cotton, oils and fats, sugar, agricultural wastes (bio-mass) and raw materials for a large number of downriver industries. ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 Page 5 of 5 Secondary Sector Industries The principal objective of Secondary sector industries is to provide the conjugation link between products and materials establishd by Primary industries, which are of practical use to the national economy.This implies that the Secondary industries rely on the Primary industries for feedstocks and raw materials for use in manufacturing, impact, amalgamate, fabricating plants for petrochemical intermediates, polymers, plastics, leaf blade, non-ferrous metals, minerals, agricultural and miscellaneous products. These industries use medium- to high-sophisticated technology, and range from light to medium categories. THE indirect SECTOR INDUSTRIES volition FORM THE BASIS FOR CHEMICAL persistence DEVEL OPMENT IN PAKISTAN VISION 2030. __________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 Page 6 of 6 CHAPTER 2 2. POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES BASED ON FEEDSTOCKS DERIVED FROM primary quill INDUSTRIES 2. 1 Feedstocks Derived from Primary Industries for the Potential Development of Secondary Chemical Industries Primary chemical industries, which are manufactured through the utilization of various feedstocks, consist of large-scale, highly capital intensive plants, based on sophisticated technologies.These projects also provide raw materials for the development of secondary chemical industries and consist of rough oil based refineries and petrochemical complexes. Natural gas based chemicals and fertilizer projects. Alternative renewable feedstocks for the production of commodity chemicals Metallurgical plants for the production of iron, trade name, and non-ferrous metals. some other mineral projects consisting of acid and basis industries, and cement and glass plants based on limestone, gypsum, rock salt, sulphur and silica. Projects based on agro feedstocks. uncouth inunct found Petroleum and Petrochemical Refineries Petroleum refineries are knowing to produce a check number of products, which are primarily used as a source of energy in road, rail and air transport power plants steamer generation and estrus media in the chemical industry. They do not produce high value-added chemicals unless they are integrated with petrochemical plantsgenerally designated as Petrochemical Refinerieswhich are highly energy cost-efficient and produce diversify feedstocks and raw materials for a large number of secondary chemicals.A petrochemical is any chemical conglomerate obtained from petroleum or natural gas, or derived from petroleum or natural gas hydrocarbons and utilized in the production of a large classification of secondary chemicals and products. The description has been broadened to include the whole range of aliphatic, smelling(p) and organic ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 1 of 23 chemicals, as well as carbon black and such inorganic materials as sulphur and ammonia. In umteen instances, a specific chemical include among the etrochemicals may also be obtained from other sources, such as burn, coke or bio-mass. Petrochemical based secondary chemicals include such items as plastics, soaps and detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, synthetic fibers and rubbers, paints, epoxy resins, and ball over and insulating materials. Petrochemicals are found in products as diverse as aspirin, boats, automobiles, aircraft, polyester and acrylic fibers, preserve discs and tapes. Natural gas and crude oil are referred to collectively as petroleum. archaic oil consists of the heavier constituents that naturally occur in liquid form.Natural gas refers to the lighter constitu ents of petroleum that naturally occur in volatilised form, either on its own as free gas, or in draw with crude oil. The production of petrochemical based intermediate chemicals form the feedstocks for secondary industries as part of a two phase angle process. In the first stage, crude oil is distilled and fractionated to produce a number of products consisting of gasoline, naphthas, and light and legal gas oils, which are used as a source of energy for road and air transport, and power generation.Simultaneously the off gases, light and heavy naphthas, and gas oils are preponderantly used as the starting materials for petrochemical projects. This is illustrated in build 2. 1. In the second stage the off gases and naphthas are further processed into two separate operations to produce Petrochemical intermediate chemicals or monomers as follows ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 2 of 23 Petrochemical Feedstocks Crude Oil To Petroleum Refinery Atmospheric distillate Methane &Off Gases Gasoline And Motor sum Light and surd Naphtha Light and Heavy Gas Oil Residue Petrochemical Feedstock Off Gases/Naphtha/Gas Oil Catalyst gingersnap Aromatics steamer Cracking Olefins name 2. 1 Olefin Petrochemical multiform Refinery off gases, naphthas or gas oils are reformed at high temperatures in the presence of steam to produce monomers (ethylene, propylene and butylenes). These are gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures and can only be transported at high pressures and low temperatures as liquids under refrigerated condition.These are earlier processed further at web site to produce secondary petrochemical products or polymerized into polymers, such as polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, ethylene glycol and many other secondary chemicals as illustrated in fig 2. 2 and 2. 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 3 of 23 STEAM cinch OF STEAM NAPHTHA / turgidity OIL NAPHTHA / ASSOCIATED GAS / GAS OIL STEAM ethene REACTOR Steam to Feed ratio 0. 25 to 0. 9 Temperatures 820 to 840oC Propylene Butylenes Fig 2. 2 OLEFINS AND PETROCHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES BASED SECONDARYCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES map I THERMAL CRACKING OF NAPHTHA FOR THE achievement OF PRIMARY CHEMICALS (HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED, CAPITAL INTENSIVE PROCESS) ETHYLENE propene BUTYLENES POLYETHYLENES LDPE,HDPE POLYPROPYLENE POLY VINYL CHLORIDE POLYSTYRENE SBR ETHYLENE dihydric alcohol POLY VINYL ACETATE STAGE II POLYMERIZATION OF PRIMARY CHEMICALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY CHEMICALS AND POLYMERS. (MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY BASED PROCESSES). PLASTICS FILMS CONTAINERS PIPES,CABLES, BAGS SYNTHETIC preventative & LEATHER PRODUCTS TYRES TOYS ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RADIO, TV, AIR CONDITIONERS, REFRIGERATORS FURNITURE, TABLEWARE front CREATION BACKWARD INTEGRATIONASSOCIATED GASES OR NAPHTHA STAGE III FABRICATION OF SECONDARY CHEMICALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS. (LOW/MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY BASED PRODUCTS) Fig 2. 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 4 of 23 Other Olefins found SecondaryChemicals Naphtha Steam Cracker (Olefins) ethylene & Derivatives ethylene EDC Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Oxide HDPE LDPE LLDPE EPDM Ethanol weighty Olefins Vinyl Acetate Ethyl Chloride / Ethyl benzol Propylene & Derivates Propylene propenonitrile Cumene Polypropylene Acrylic Acid butanol 2-Ethyl Hexanol Iso-Propanol NoneneDodecene Propylene Oxide Acetone Acrylic character reference Butadiene & Derivatives Butadiene ABS Adiponitrile /HMDA Nitrile Rubber Poly-Butadiene Poly chloroprene SB latex paint SB Rubber Fig- 2. 3(a) Aromatic Petrochemical Complex Naphtha and gas oil is also catalytically reformed at high temperatures in the presence of catalysts to yield aromatic intermediate chemicals, such as benzene, toluene and xylenes (Fig 2. 4). These are liquids at ordinary t emperatures and pressures and can be easily transported to desired locations where they are used as raw materials in the production of a regeneration of secondary chemical products as shown in Fig. . 5. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 5 of 23 catalytic REFORMING OF NAPHTHA CATALYTIC (AROMATIZATION REACTION) NAPHTHA / ASSOCIATED GAS / GAS OIL benzol CATALYTIC REACTOR STEAM toluene Xylenes Fig-2. 4 Aromatics Based Secondary Chemicals Naphtha catalytic Reformer (Aromatics) Toluene & Derivatives Benzene TDI Caprolactam benzoic Acid TNT Xylenes & Derivates Orthoxylene Paraxylene Metaxylene DMT TPA Bottle resin Polyester Fiber Fiber Chip hit Resin Phthalic Anhydride PET Benzene & Derivatives Benzene ) Cumene ) hydroxybenzene ) Cyclo Hexane )Ethyl Benzene ) Adiplc Acid ) alkyl radical Benzene ) Aniline ) Alkyl Phenol ) Chloro Benzene ) Maleic Anhydride ) Nylon Fiber/Resin ) Production of Secondary Chemicals Med ium / High Technology Chemicals and Products Production of Primary/Intermediate Chemicals (Highly advanced Capital Intensive) Fig 2. 5 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 6 of 23 2. 2 Natural Gas Based Chemicals Natural gas is a very worth(predicate) resource, not only for use as energy, but also for the production of chemicals. It has been used commercially as a force out for hundreds of years.The production, processing and distribution of natural gas has become an important segment of the world economy and is a major factor in the production of chemicals in global markets. The composition of natural gas depends on its source. It predominantly consists of methane, but in many cases contains high hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane. Natural gas processing plants are designed to produce certain valuable products over and above those needed to make the gas marketable. Plants are also designed to recover elemen tal sulphur which is the starting raw material for the production of many secondary chemicals.Natural gas has created multifarious opportunities and challenges as it is now utilized in the production of fertilizers and petrochemicals, in addition to its earlier use as a source of energy. This is illustrated in Fig 2. 6. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 7 of 23 Household Gas Fig -2. 6 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 8 of 23 FIG-2. 7 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 9 of 23 2. 3Alternative Feedstocks for the Production of goodness Chemicals The uncertainties about the peaking of practicable reserves of fossil burns, and rising prices of petroleum and natural gas, have spurred the chemical industry to examine alternative feedstocks for the production of commodity chemi cals. over the last two decades alternatives to conventional petroleum and natural gas feedstocks have been developed. These feedstocks include burn based gasification and liquefaction processes and renewable resources such as bio-mass, stranded natural gas from improper reserves, heavy oil from Tar sands or oil shale.These sources of alternative feedstocks are in the process of development for highest volume production of commodity chemicals in Europe and the US. The technology for their utilization is in the process of development, in order to make these processes more efficient and economically compatible with petroleum based technologies. The status of various available feedstocks and the technological development for their growing for the production of secondary chemicals is as follows coal inviolable world coal reserves make it an attractive alternative to natural gas and petroleum.The technologies for large scale processing of coal are at present available in South Afri ca and China. However, a major concern about the utilization of these technologies is the divergence in feedstock composition and the presence of impurities which embitter the catalysts used in the processing of coal. char Gasification Commodity chemicals can be produced through the gasification of coal. Because of the large domestic help reserves of coal in Pakistan, this feedstock option needs to be exploited. Coal gasification for application, including the production of chemical feedstocks, is already astray practiced worldwide.These plants generate feedstocks for chemical production, closely followed by the Fischer Tropsch process for the production of organic chemicals. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 10 of 23 The gasification process starts with the production of synthesis gas in a gasifier, followed by the production of a mixture of carbon oxides and hydrogen. Ammonia, methanol, alcohols and aldeh ydes are produced by Oxo Synthesis. The Fisher Tropsch process is used to produce a variety of secondary chemicals.Different coal types (lignite, bituminous, sub-bituminous) affect the efficiencies and economies of the gasification process, since gasification efficiencies are lower for sub-bituminous coals due to higher(prenominal) wet and ash content. However, since essentially any organic material can be gasified, existing gasifier designs can be adopted to use different types of coal as gasifier feed. Coal Liquefaction Coal can also be liquefied directly, without going through a Syngas step. This process is called the Coal to Liquid or CTL process and is well be.Liquefaction uses liquid distillate and hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to coal and water slurry. The slurry increases the total heat/Carbon (H/C) ratio to a crude oil level and removes impurities such as sulphur. Coal Liquefaction technology is of particular care for the utilization of Thar Coal, which has a hi gh wet content. A full scale production facility is being built in China for the direct liquefaction of coal into battery-acid fuels to produce 50,000 bbl/day of fuel oil. A similar project could be developed for Thar Coal with the participation of Chinese Process Licensors. Bio-RefineryA major thrust towards the development of renewable feedstocks as a resource for energy and secondary chemicals is by a process called bio-refining. Bio-refining feedstocks consist of crops residues waste plants or animal material and recycled fibers municipal sewerage sludge agricultural and forest residues house waste agro-feed effluents and residues of paper and wood functional industry. These plants absorb solar energy from the insolate through photosynthesis, and the energy stored within it is retrieve by bio-refining processes. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2 Page 11 of 23 The bio-refining concept generally involves victu als bio-feedstocks into steam or catalyst insane to produce chemicals. Some technologies are in the process of development for the processing of carbohydrates, oils, lignin and fuels. In addition to their utilization for energy production, some bio based chemicals that have potential for large scale manufacture include carboxyl acids and glycols. Other areas of development include turmoil of sugars, decomposition of cellulose, high temperature pyrolysis, and bio-refining of wood and waste materials.However widespread use of feedstocks will require sustained research and development(R&D) in a variety of fields such as plant science, microbiology, genomics and catalysis. In view of the impurities, discrepancy of feedstock composition, distributed supply, scalability and path way of lifes for the breakdown of cellulose, the development of process technology will have to be undertaken and / or adapted to local conditions by each country, in order to exploit the utilization of bio-mass feedstocks for economic advantage. Unconventional Natural GasMethane from anaerobic excitement can be generated from animal manure and sewage treatment, as well as from landfills. The potential for anaerobic fermentation as a source for useable methane, rather than a source of pollution, will require development work leading to improvements in process control, operating efficiencies and rate of digestion, targeting small scale technologies. Renewable energy sources are indigenous and can, therefore, render to cut down dependence on energy imports, such as crude oil, resulting in increasing security of supply as well as resources for the production of commodity chemicals.Developments in renewable energy resources can actively contribute to job creation, predominantly in small- and medium-sized industries which are so central to economic slaying. The deployment of renewable resources can be a key feature in regional development, with the aim of achieving greater social and econom ic cohesion, largely for environmental reasons. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 12 of 23 2. 4. Feedstocks Derived from Metallurgical Plants and Polymers, Materials Technology and Metallurgical ProcessesMaterials technology is one of the many areas targeted by the chemical industry. Materials play a critical role in the economic development and growth of chemical process industries. New materials technology is an essential part of the industrys strategy for achieving its vision. Materials contribute a large amount to industry revenue, and represent a high growth potential for industry. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical processes consisting of iron, steel, copper, aluminium, atomic number 12 and associated alloys have been used traditionally as feedstocks for the development of secondary chemical industries.Tremendous advances in the twentieth century in the development of new synthetic materials have also fu eled the growth of the chemical industry. deputy of traditional materials with synthetic polymers and conglomerate materials has resulted in products with lower weight, better energy efficiency, higher performance and durability, and increased design and manufacturing flexibility. Metallurgical Industry The traditional iron, steel and non-ferrous metallurgical industries produce valuable primary products which are important starting materials for the production of secondary chemical products.They are used by almost every manufacturing industry for the untruth of capital plants and equipment the manufacture of automobiles, railways, agricultural and construction equipment and components and spare parts for operating plants in the chemical and allied industries. The iron and steel industry is classified into three important primary products according to the order of processing from iron ore to the finished products. The iron ore is calcined and assorted with limestone and coke and introduced into a Blast furnace. The preheated air is fed to the bottom of the furnace. The ore is reduced to iron to produce Pig iron. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 13 of 23 Pig iron is refined by different processes to produce iron castings or billets, rolled wrought iron and rolled/ forge steel by three different processes as illustrated in Fig 2. 8. Fig-2. 8 The primary products of the iron and steel industry, which consist of iron castings, rolled wrought iron, and rolled and forged steel, are the feedstock for a very large number of downstream secondary industries. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2 Page 14 of 23 Non-Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals are produced through two basic operations. In the first operation, the ores are subjected to metallurgical processes to produce basic metals consisting of large blocs or bars. In the second oper ation, the metal is smelted and refined. The secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals lead to the production of aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, gold, tin and zinc. These metals are used in wide variety of secondary chemical manufacturing industries, such as ammunition, beverage cans, coins, automobiles and household appliances.Copper possesses superior galvanic conductivity, and is a strong, durable metal used in a variety of geomorphological applications, as well as for power, ignition system and communication transmissions. Domestically, the major markets for copper are construction, electronics, and industrial machinery and equipment. Aluminium, the most widely used nonferrous metal, possesses several positive attributes, such as a light weight, corrosion resistance, and high galvanic and thermal conductivity, which makes the metal suitable for a variety of applications.Container and packaging manufacturers use aluminium, while other major enduse products include the transportation sector, the building and construction sector, and the electrical sector. Lead is primarily used for the manufacture of storage batteries, which in turn are incorporated into automobile ignition starters, un-interruptible power supplies for computer systems, and standby power supplies for speck lighting systems and telephones. Other market sectors that bribe lead include paint and glass manufacturers, and building products manufacturers.Zinc is primarily used to start products found in the automobile, steel and construction industries, but a greater helping of secondary zinc is used to produce brass and bronze, as well as assorted chemicals. Additional applications include the blending of zinc-based die-cast and brass alloys. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 15 of 23 Composite Materials Over the past few years, advances in the production of composite materials, including mixtures o f polymers, fibers, metals and ceramics, have extended the range, performance and applications of these materials.These are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. There are two categories of constituent materials designated as ground substance and reinforcement. The matrix surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties. A synergy produces material properties unavailable from the individual constituent materials.A wide variety of matrix and alter materials allows the designer of the product or structure to choose any optimum combination. some commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material often called a resin solution. There are many different polymers available depending upon the starting ingredients. The most commonality are know as polyesters, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenol, poly am ides, amongst others. The reinforcement materials are often fibers and fiber glass, but also commonly ground materials.The average composition in a product contains 60% resin and 40% fiber. Various process technologies consisting of vacuum moulding, pressure moulding, autoclave moulding and resin tape transport moulding are employed in order to give the required properties and strength to the relevant final product. Composite materials have gained popularity in high performance products that need to be lightweight, yet strong seemly to take harsh loading conditions. Examples of these include aerospace components, boat and scull hulls, and car bodies.The new Boeing 787 aircraft, including its wings and fuselage, is composed largely of composite materials. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 Page 16 of 23 2. 5 Other Mineral Based Projects Consisting of Acid and Alkali Industries, Cement and folderol Plants Based on Lim estone, Gypsum, Rock Salt, reciprocal ohm and Silica The mineral potential of Pakistan, although considered excellent, is not adequately exploited as its contribution to GNP at present stands at only 2. 4%.The main sources of locally available feedstocks for the production of the acid and alkali industry (soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, caustic soda, chlorine), sulphur and other inorganic acids, glass and cement, consist of rocksalt, sulphur, limestone, gypsum and silica sand. The manufactured products are predominantly marketed for local use, although there are some exports to Afghanistan and the Central Asian states. In view of the long history of development of industries in this sector, the process technologies are well-known locally.However, the design, engineering and procurement of critical plant and equipment are predominantly carried out by foreign engineering companies. 2. 6. Agro Based Feedstocks Cotton and Other Natural Fibers Agriculture is the largest sector of the econ omy and is the source of livelihood of almost 45% of the total employed labour force in the country. Cotton is the most important non-food crop and feedstock for the production of natural fiber for the manufacture of textile products. Cotton fiber is also blended with polyester and viscose fibers.The textile and clothing industry has been the main driver of Pakistani exports for the last sixty years, in terms of both foreign property earnings and job creation. The textile industry flourished under official patronage, but disjointed its advantages in the post quota regime. Its share in exports has declined from 66% in 2005 to 53. 7% in the current 2008-09 financial year. The textile industry is based on relatively low to medium technology, but in rancor of this Pakistan has spent US$7. 5 billion on the import of textile machinery over the past ten years (1999-2009).Pakistan did not make any effort to adopt ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________ Chapter 2 Page 17 of 23 imported technologies for the manufacture of textile machinery by reverse engineering. In view of these shortcomings, the textile industry has continuously suffered productivity losings due to machinery breakdowns and its inability to cope with running(a) problems. Pakistan is now facing competition from China, India and Bangladesh, in view of their better quality products, higher productivity and other economic advantages.Sugarcane, Molasses, force out Alcohol and Associated Industries Sugarcane is an important gold crop and is a valuable feedstock for the production of sugar and other downstream industries, such as industrial alcohol, chip wit and paper. Molasses is a by product of the sugar industry and is the starting raw material for the production of industrial alcohol, which is used as a source of energy for automobiles, as well as the production of organic chemicals, such as aldehydes, acetone, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, isophor on, citric acid, glycerol, yeast and many other derivatives for pharmaceutical and plastic industries.Fruit and Vegetables The various varieties of fruit produced in Pakistan consist of citrus, mango, apples, banana, apricot, guava, grapes and tomato plantes. Annual production is estimated at 5. 6 million slews per year. The fruit industry is very alter and consist of juices, soups and sauces, baby food, bakery products, confectionary and tomato products. The technology for the processing of fruit is get more sophisticated because of the high demand for quality products. The industry is required to produce food products both economically and profitably, and this depends upon efficient processes.At the same time, these processes must handle the material in such a way that the final product is attractive to the consumer. The fruit industry and its downstream products have spacious export potential. __________________________________________________________________________________ ______ Chapter 2 Page 18 of 23 Natural Dyes Vegetable dyes are eco-friendly and their use is increasing, especially for dyeing wool, carpets, silk and cotton. The common sources of vegetable dyes are parts of plants, such as leaves, flowers, fruit, bugs, barks, and the roots of dye gentle plants.The cultivation of certain trees also yield dye material. Therefore, the utilization of dye pliable plants and trees will boost the agro-based industry especially in pastoral areas, leading to rural development and employment creation. Pakistan imports vegetable dyes from India contempt the fact that the raw materials for their production are available in Pakistan. Dyes and pigments constitute the largest segment of the industry, with the worlds present value estimated at about US$16 billion per year. Herbal Medicines and Associated productsThe Indian / Pakistani system of medicinesgenerally known as the Ayurvedic System of Medicineis considered a completed science of life which has e volved from wisdom, experience and logic. Based on scientific observations, it has its origin in the Vedasthe oldest recorded wisdom circa 6000 BC. Ayurvedic herbal medicines are considered ideal treatments, as they cure the diseases without do any side effects. Herbal medicines and products now include medicines, health supplements, herbal smasher and toiletry products.Major developments in herbal medicines and dish products are now taking bulge in China, South Korea, Canada and the US, in addition to India. It is estimated that the global market for herbal products now stands at US$62 billion per annum. Pakistan has a vast variety of plant life and fauna especially in the Yankee areas, Azad Kashmir and the foothills of the Himalayas, which need to be explored for beneficial exploitation of these resources. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 2 Page 19 of 23 India has established a Technology Development Board which provides financial assistance to R&D establishments concerned with the development and commercialization of indigenous technology for herbal products for wider domestic applications. There is considerable potential for the development of this sector and collaboration with well known companies such as Hamdard and Qarshi can be sought for joint partnerships for the development of herbal projects. Oils and Fats IndustryConventional oils derived from cotton seed, rapeseed and corn are now processed and utilized for the production of bio-fuels in the US and other countries. An alternative source of vegetable oil called Jetropha is now widely cultivated in South and Southeast Asia, especially in Japan, Thailand, China and India. It is a woody and hardy plant, and grows to a apex of 3-8 meters. It grows quickly even in scurvy soils and is not affected by drought and disease. The Macro engineering society of Pakistan, in collaboration with Big Bird (Pvt. ) Ltd. as initiated a project fo r the plantation of genus Jatropha in Layyah, West Punjab. The Jetropha oil seed contains about 40% of vegetable fat/oil and some toxic materials, which makes it poisonous for human and livestock consumption. The process technology for the conversion of Jetropha oil into bio-fuels is well proven and can be adopted in Pakistan. 2. 7 Sources of stabbing Materials and Process Technologies for Chemical Industry Development in Pakistan The sector wise classification of chemical industry in Pakistan is as follows PRIMARY INDUSTRIES SOURCES OF bleak MATERIAL ) Petroleum Refineries ii) Fertilizers Imported Crude Oil local anesthetic Natural Gas, iii) iv) v) vi) Local Materials, Limestone, Clay Imported/Local Ore locally available ore Local Agricultural Raw Material Cement Iron & marque Copper Textiles ________________________________________________________