The Scientific Management Theory †Management Essay

The Scientific Management Theory – Management Essay Free Online Research Papers The Scientific Management Theory Management Essay Nowadays, research in management and organizational theory plays an important part in how business operates. By for the most influential person of the time and someone who has had an impact on management service practice as well as on management thought up to the present day, was Frederick W. Taylor. Taylor was the first modern efficiency expert in world history. Around the Twentieth Century, he formalized the principles of Scientific Management and developed a set of ideas designed to get employees in manufacturing industries to produce more output. Taylor contracted with companies to rearrange their production processes to simplify the tasks each employee performed. Instead of doing many different things, workers in Taylorized factories would execute the same simple tasks over and over. The principles of Scientific Management still have an important impact globally and there are still many evidences which show some New Zealand companies apply the Scientific Management principles in their business operations. McDonald’s is one of the worlds most well-known and valuable brands and holds a leading share in the globally branded quick service restaurant segment of the informal eating-out market in virtually every country and the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 30,000 local restaurants serving nearly 50 million people in more than 119 countries each day. This essay proves the Scientific Management principles in McDonald’s business operations from three perspectives: systems of rewards for meeting the goals, scientific education and development of the workman and standard method of performing each job. To start with, McDonalds’s apply the Scientific Management principles in their business operations because the company establishes systems of rewards for meeting the goals. Taylor stated that the non-incentive wage systems encourage low productivity if the employee will receive the same pay regardless of how much is produced. Taylors concept of motivation is to institute a system of inequitable pay for workers and a bonus system will create monetary incentives (Freeman,1996). McDonalds encourages employees through many effective ways. Except the base pay, McDonalds establish competitive wage and promotion programs, hard work, dedication, motivation and results are recognized and rewarded at McDonalds. Appreciation comes in many forms from a simple encouragement for a job well done, to restaurant-wide recognition through programs such as the Employee of the Month. (McDonald’s,2006)McDonalds also offers great incentive programs with access to gift certificates, mercha ndise, free food, etc. In addition, McDonald’s also establish an incentive pay system and provide employees with the opportunity to earn competitive total compensation when performance meets and exceeds goals. The company pays a bonus on top of employees base salaries based on business performance and their individual performance(McDonald’s,2006). Furthermore, Long term incentives are granted to eligible employees to both reward and retain key employees who have shown sustained performance and can impact long-term creation at McDonalds. Not only they establish the bonus system for the employees to perform efficiently, but also they institute other kinds of systems to increase monetary incentives such as recognition programs and company car program. Secondly, scientifical training is one of the most important principles of Scientific Management. Taylor states that each company should train the workers scientifically rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. It aims to unearth and cultivate workmen’s endowment, let them have the best performance in their work and obtain the highest efficiency farthest(Freeman,1996). McDonald’s have a strong tradition of, and belief in, training, they know its value to the bottom line of their business. At crew level there is considerable initial and ongoing training that is consistently applied to everybody in the business, whether part, full time, hourly paid staff or salaried managers undergoing their compulsory restaurant training. In New Zealand, a Crew member will extend his skills through the McDonald’s Qualink programme, which is recognised with a New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) approved National Certificate. Moreover, a new employee will acce pt training as soon as he joins McDonalds and starts his first working day. He must pass tests of three posts in the first month. Therefore, high requirements create high quality food. Further to that, McDonald’s even build up a Hamburger University, it is McDonalds worldwide management training center located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It focuses on providing training exclusively for all McDonalds Corporation and Franchisees employees in various aspects of the business. Founded in 1961, Hamburger University is located in a 130,000 square foot, state-of-the-art facility on the McDonalds Home Office Campus in Oak Brook with a faculty of 30 resident professors(Schaaf,1994). Like any university, HU has a course catalog: nine courses, ranging from basic restaurant operations to the four progressive levels of the management development program (MDP I-IV). The heart of the curriculum is the Advanced Operations Course (AOC), a two-week combination of operations enhancement, equipment m anagement, and interpersonal-skills training. Well structured training helps to retain staff, as do demonstrable links between training and promotion(Schaaf,1994). In addition, the training materials consist of two elements: core content which applies globally for maintaining consistent food quality and services worldwide, and locale-specific content based on local menu items, food safety regulations and labor practices, etc(Christine,2002). Those training systems help their staff to perform more efficiently and professionally. Lastly, company should develop a standard method of performing each job efficiently. Taylor taught that there was one and only one method of work that maximized efficiency. And this one best method and best implementation can only be discovered or developed through scientific study and analysis. This involves the gradual substitution of science for rule of thumb throughout the mechanical arts. Taylor was not really concerned with other organizational or management issues. His focus was on efficiency, and he suggested that people had to follow what his method said(Freeman,1996).McDonalds establishes a series of detailed and strict working standards which ensure that every product from any chain restaurant has high quality. No matter people is a cook, a counter person or a hall cleaner, each kind of works has normative operational standards and written regulations. The cook time and the amounts of materials are prescribed with accurate numerical value and controlled by machines. In add ition, they also establish a computer system that transmits orders to the kitchen, where in the kitchen, the holding bins will regulate the temperature to keep the food hot and fresh. Moreover, McDonald’s staff is specialized in different production procedure. The counter person accepts the order and typically uses a suggestive sell-up to add a missing item such as dessert. Then they use the register display to confirm, assemble, and check the order. The order is assembled by collecting food from the appropriate machines and bins. Besides, some of the staffs play a role in the burger production and some others perform in the production of French fries. McDonald’s has developed a standard method of performing each job and the employees can perform efficiently. In conclusion, Scientific Management became a powerful force as it contributed to increased efficiency in industrial establishments. McDonald’s shows the evidence of applying the principles of Scientific Management. They institute bonus systems to encourage the employees to perform well to meet the goals. Also, they train the workers scientifically rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. It aims to bring everyone’s production efficiency into full play to accomplish maximum profit. Moreover, they cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed and it will be eligible to improve the production efficiency. Scientific Management has dramatically affected today’s management approaches. Scientific Management has also made an important contribution to the business world we see today in New Zealand and worldwide. The ideas generated by Frederick Taylor still have a place in current management thinking. Because of Taylor, production efficiency has improved, products become more and more plentiful. Nowadays people can have a rich and colorful life like a king in the past. Much of core of Scientific Management remains with us today, only been modified, updated and given a human face. List of references Christine,T.(2002). Systematic training makes McDonalds number one. Training Management Development Methods, 16, 909. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the University of Auckland: Proquest database. Freeman,M.(1996). Scientific management: 100 years old; poised for the next century. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 16,909. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the University of Auckland: Proquest database. McDonald’s Coroporation.(2006). Your Pay and Reward. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the World Wide Web: mcdonalds.ca/en/careers/restOpp_rewards.aspx Schaaf,D.(1994, December). Inside Hamburger University. Minneapolis, 31,18. Retrieved March 23,2006, from the University of Auckland: Proquest database. Research Papers on The Scientific Management Theory - Management EssayAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Strategic Marketing Report of Cadbury Schweppes Assignment

Strategic Marketing Report of Cadbury Schweppes - Assignment Example ance and future prospects; Kraft core capabilities and assets; Strategic position assessment; recommendation and limitations of the study are also obtained to form part of the process. Cadbury Schweppes is a confectionery manufacturer that has been known for its English heritage. Established in 1824, the company managed to stay on top of the big confectionery manufacturers and has become as third world leading manufacturer of confectionery in the world. It has established business units in Britain and Ireland, Middle East and Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Pacific. Kraft Food is a manufacturer of packaged food products, including snacks, beverages, cheese, convenient meals and various packaged grocery products. Its products are sold to consumers in 160 countries and had operations in more than 70 countries and products made at 159 manufacturing and processing facilities globally. The key segments covered by Cadbury are chocolate and candy brands. Its chocolate brands are Cadbury Dairy milk, Crà ¨me Egg, Flake and Green & Black. Its gum brands are Trident, Hollywood, Stimorol, Dentyne, Clorets and Bibbaloo. Candy Halls, Maynards, Cadbury Eclairs and Natural Confectionery Co. (Cadbury Plc description) Kraft segment covers cheese, dinners and dressings. Portfolio of products include nine brands, including Kraft cheeses, dinners and dressings; Oscar Mayer meats; Philadelphia cream cheese; Maxwell House and Jacobs coffee; Nabisco cookies and its Oreo cookie brand; Milka chocolates and LU biscuits. Together, these two companies formed a formidable company thru a merger done in February 2010 that made Kraft/Cadbury the second largest confectionery in the world. The merger move, according to Kraft CEO, is a transformation for future growth prospects both for Kraft and Cadbury to become the world’s number one confectionery manufacturer (Zendrian, 2010). Projected status of Kraft/Cadbury in the industry as a result of merger is portrayed in

The Effect of Recession on Dividend Policy Dissertation

The Effect of Recession on Dividend Policy - Dissertation Example Some of the logical explanations on how the various sectors were affected by the recession in terms dividend payout. Background Information The research covered various economic sectors of the economy namely; banking and financial Services, real estate companies, petrochemical companies, Agriculture and food industries, industrial investment and telecommunications. A total of 26 companies financial over a period of 5 years were thoroughly analyzed to come up with efficient analysis of our study topic. Difference in Dividend policy between different Economic Sectors We use the one way Anova to determine if there is a difference in mean between the average dividend pay for the various companies. The analysis generates the results table below. ANOVA Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 96.613 7 13.802 2.162 .092 Within Groups 108.514 17 6.383 Total 205.127 24 As seen in the table above the value of significance from the table is .092 which is larger than the significance value of 0.05 hence we accept the null hypothesis which states that there is no statistically significant difference in the dividend policies adopted by the various sectors of the economy. Sectors from which various companies in the study. ... (2-tailed) .019 N 26 25 Eps Pearson Correlation .466(*) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .019 N 25 25 Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). The correlation coefficient is positive 0.466 which means a positive relationship between the two variables. At 95 percent level of confidence means that we reject ho hence conclude that there is a significant correlation between the capital structure and in particular the equity shareholding and the earnings related to them. Correlation between Capital Structure and Dividend Yield. The dividend yield is compared to the return on investment in our study as it is the annual dividend amount payout per share by a firm in relation to the share value. We measure the relationship between equity shareholding and the return on investment. We run the Pearson’s correlation coefficient from the variables dividend yield versus equity. The results of running leverage for the companies against the dividend yield give no significant correlation betwe en the two variables. Correlation: Capital Structure (Using shareholder Equity) and Dividend Policy Adoption (payout). We shall run the Pearson’s correlation to find out if there exists a linear relationship between the two variables. For the purpose f this test the null hypothesis is set as: There exists no significant correlation between the two variables. Running the data we generate the output below. Correlations Equity pre Equity Pearson Correlation 1 .187 Sig. (2-tailed) .370 N 26 25 Pre Pearson Correlation .187 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .370 N 25 25 From the table above it is clear that there a moderate relationship between the shareholders equity and the dividends paid out of the rather the dividend policies adopted by the various companies. Since the significance value from the table

The Children Act 2004 | Analysis

The Children Act 2004 | Analysis The Children Act was first introduced in 1989 and was amended in 2004 after an inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie. After the death of eight-year old Victoria Climbie in 2000, Lord Laming was asked by the Government to carry out an investigation to know if new regulation and guidance were needed to develop the safeguard of child system in England. The Governments answer to the Victoria Climbie Inquiry report (Laming, 2003) was the Keeping children safe report (DfES, 2003) and the Every child matters green paper (DfES, 2003), which in turn led to the Children Act 2004. This Acts ultimate purpose is to make the UK better and safer for children of all ages. The Act also created a Childrens Commissioner; putting in place services provided to and for children and young people by local authorities and other persons; dealing with Wales about advisory and support services in regards to family proceedings; dealing with private fostering, child minding and day care, adoption assessment panels, the explanation of reasonable penalty, the making of allowances as respects children and families, child safety orders, the Childrens Commissioner for Wales, The publication of material in connection to children dealing in legal cases and the release by the Inland Revenue of data relating to children. The government aims is for every child whatever their background or their conditions, to have the backing they need to: be healthy i.e. enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy lifestyle; to stay safe i.e. to be free from harm and negligence; to enjoy and achieve i.e. to make the most out of life and to develop the skills to become an adult; to make a positive contribution i.e. to be in touch with the community and society and not taking part in anti-social or criminal conduct; To achieve economic well-being i.e. not being prohibited by financial difficulty from reaching their full ability in life. The green paper suggested improvements was into four main areas which are assisting parents and carers, early involvement and effective security, responsibility and combination locally, regionally and nationally and staff improvement. Being healthy It is shown by a study that those smoking regularly aged 11-15 in England has gone down since 1996 from 13 to 10 percent. But obesity level is rising. Between 1996 and 2001 the number of children who were obese having between 6-15 years old in England increase by 4 percent. Young rates of pregnancy were lower by 10 percent in 2001 than in 1998. But UK still has the most teenage pregnancies in Europe. The World Health Organisation published a report in 2002 that UK had the least suicide rate amongst 26 countries, but suicide is still responsible for 20 per cent of young deaths. Staying safe In March 2002, 59,700 children were in care in England, which is an increase of 22 percent since March 1994. But, the number on child protection registers in England have been decreasing as there were only 25,700 in March 2002 compared to 38,600 ten years earlier. Between 1981 and 2001 the percentage of young boys in England and Wales reprimanded or sentenced of a crime decreased from 7 per cent of young boys to 5 per cent, but the same rate for girls increased from 1.3 to 1.4 per cent. A research of criminal and harassment found that 46 percent being the target of some kind of crime in the last 12 months among those aged 11 to 16 in ordinary schools. In most cases of domestic violence where around one in ten women involved yearly, their children were present in the same or next room, and one in three child safeguard circumstances points to a past of domestic violence against the mother. Enjoying and achieving The number of those aged 11 reaching the normal level in English and maths went up by 12 percent, from 63 percent to 75 percent and from 61 percent to 73 percent in English and maths respectively since 1997. In 2002 more than half of 15 year olds got a minimum of five GCSEs at grades A*-C, a rise of more than 6 percent since 1997. However success is not steady through diverse ethnic groups like for example pupils from Chinese and Indian backgrounds succeed considerably over regular GCSE results; black pupils and those from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds do inferior in their GCSE results. Non-attendance has stayed the same from 1995/96 at 0.7 percent of half days absent. At the end of 2001, in every eleven youngsters having 16-18 years old, one was not in education, work or training and in every four youngsters between 16 and 18, one spend time out of education, training and employment. Making a positive contribution A new research of secondary students who are 11 to 18 years old showed that 86 percent had taken part in certain sort of community activity in the previous year and half participated in raising fund or gathering cash for charity. From the 2001 General Election, assessments found that attendance was lowest between those aged 18-24, as only two in five casted their vote. Economic well-being Between 1992 and 1995, 19 percent of children stayed in working age jobless homes, but in 2003, the percentage had fallen to 15.2. The percentage of children staying in homes with comparatively low earnings decreased between 1996-97 and 2001-02 from 34 to 30 after housing expenses. The percentage of children staying in homes with virtually low earnings fell largely from 34 percent to 20 percent after housing deductions. The Childrens Act 2004 established a Childrens Fund which is aimed to support in the abolition of poverty and economic difficulties felt by disadvantaged children or those whose familys monetary conditions leave them deprived by making sure that children aged between five and thirteen attend school regularly and also decreasing the risk of crime being carried out by these children, so that they can get the best promising start of their life. The Childrens Act 2004 specially caters for disabled children. Local authorities have a responsibility under the Act to arrange for  facilities to children in need if these amenities will aid keeping a child safe and healthy. After the death of baby P, there was a review conducted by Lord Laming which suggested that those dealing with children need to be properly trained to detect any problem so that social workers or other practitioners can better safeguard children under their responsibility. The Children Act 2004 provides a strong emphasis and a new approach to childrens services but is not sufficient in itself. Its application must be part of an extensive progression of transformation, concentrating on results and brought onward by local transformation packages in 150 Local Authority regions set within a national structure. The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (NSF) is fundamental to this. It put forward a ten-year plan to encourage durable and continual progress in childrens health and well-being. As it is applied by Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), Local Authorities and other groups including other health bodies, it will add to the realisation of the five outcomes.

A Life Ruined by Drugs :: Illegal Drugs Narcotics

Susan is an anti-social, quiet and a kind decent girl.......she is good in her studys and came from a fine and educated family. She actually did not intend to go to the party but one of her best friend insisted.....so she bid to her request... When she reached the party, her best friend when away to find her own friends leaving Susan alone..Due to Susan's anti-social attitude, she went to a Dark corner of the house n sat quietly alone. Not long later, a group of 5 girls came to talk to Susan....Susan was quite afraid of them because of their numerous Piercing n weird dressing..But after talking to them for quite a moment, she thought that they were quite friendly n became friends with them. After a while, they Offered her a drink. Susan looked at the cup and thought,’ it’s just a plain cup of fruit punch.....it should be alright''and without second thoughts, she drank it.....she did not even thought that just because of this cup of fruit punch, her future is all ruin....all ruin...After a while later, she suddenly felt a gush of dizziness...but also Having a feel of being in cloud 9......She asked the girls why she experience this kind of feeling and not intending to hide the truth, they told her that they had Added oxycontin, a drug to let people feel high and get away from all the stress. Susan was shocked at first...and wanted to go home and rest....but the effectiveness of the drug was too strong for her to overcome....so she allowed the drug to take over her....it was not only about her....it also affects her future.....her life.....her actions.... Then, unlike herself, she went to dance in the crowd and was shouting and having a great time....but suddenly the sound of the police siren travelled to her ears..... Soon, in her blurred vision, everyone was scrambling to their feet and forcing their way to the exit.....there was already a serious ‘‘traffic jam'' at the doorway and Susan was still standing rooted to the ground laughing to herself. Where were all her friends? Those who actually the so-called ''friends’’ who brought her in to the drugs world without her aknowledgement?where It was suddenly a total silence.

Child Obesity Essay

Child obesity has reached epidemic proportions in countries such as the United States, and is a growing issue that has profound consequences of physical and emotional development in children. Obesity is largely the result of lack of exercise and dietary lifestyle choices that promote weight gain, and when these habits begin early in childhood they have a strong potential to persist for the rest of an individual’s life. The detrimental effects of obesity have led to a rise in skyrocketing diseases, with diabetes being at the top of the list. Unfortunately, diabetic children are at greater risk of developing high cholesterol and hypertension, also increasing the chances of suffering from heart complications. Medical bills and office visits seem to be growing alongside their weight, due to the major health problems many face from being overweight. Many factors contributing to child obesity are associated with dietary habits, physical inactivity, and socio-economic status. In the article â€Å"Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors† researchers conclude that obesity in childhood leads to both immediate and long-term health consequences, including an increased risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, joint problems, and an overall poor health status. The researchers point out that a third of high blood pressure cases and 88 to 97% of cases of type II diabetes are a result of obesity. Furthermore, their research draws attention to the correlation between obesity and congestive heart failure, heart attack, sudden cardiac death, abnormal heart rhythms, and how high cholesterol and hypertension in overweight individuals place them at even a greater risk of stroke. The authors add, in a population based sample 70% of obese youths had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although the research points out a strong link between obesity and many chronic diseases, it is a health issue that can be prevented by encouraging children to practice regular exercise and to focus on choosing healthier foods for their body. The opportunity for children to consume an abundance of fast food than earlier generations has created vast opportunities for adolescents to become obese. The high consumption of sugary foods and drinks with minimal nutritional value, particularly in school cafeterias has become a primary culprit. It is highly evident that the majority of food options in schools contain high caloric starched carbohydrates loaded with tons of grease, oil, cream, cheese, and butter. Tragically the junk foods offered in schools are increasing the likelihood of diabetes and other major health problems, so it is of utmost importance to increase education and government interventions due to childhood obesity increasing worldwide. Educated families of healthy dietary options, and transforming unhealthy cafeteria school meals, will greatly increase awareness and improve the overall health of children lives’. To help address the childhood obesity problem, the First Lady, Michelle Obama has initiated the campaign â€Å"Let’s Move† which aimed to influence healthy eating habits in children by providing healthier lunch options in schools, and to do this she helped pass a bill to increase funding for school cafeterias to replace their unhealthy foods with salad bars. The First Lady also worked with the American Beverage Association to develop clearer calorie labels for soda. There is a severe challenge in low-income neighborhoods, being bombarded with fast food joints and very few healthy supermarkets. Many families are not able purchase nutritious meals, nor wholesome organic fruits, vegetables, and meat.

The Nixon County Park Project - 1595 Words

Nixon County Park Project For this course we received a hands-on opportunity to view science in an outdoors setting at Nixon County Park. I attended a training session to learn more about the practices and procedures of nature education and assisted two grade levels of children that visited the park. I helped first graders on a nature walk and fourth graders on an indoor lesson about animals. Both were unique experiences that helped me learn to become a better teacher of science. On the day of the training session, I tried to use that opportunity to glean as much information as possible from the park naturalists. I learned that some teachers do not take into consideration how much planning and preparation it takes to go on a field trip and what to do when they get there. Teachers have the responsibility to reach out to the location they want to bring their students and figure out necessities such as lunches and where to put them, locations of bathrooms, and how to use their time. Teachers should attempt to be as organized as possible because then students will have more time to maximize learning opportunities. The naturalists explained practices they have seen good teachers use such as brightly colored name tags or t-shirts to identify children, placing students into groups before getting to the park, and simply setting clear expectations for student behavior. Teachers should make students aware ahead of time that classroom rules still apply outdoors. On my first visit, IShow MoreRelatedCentral Land Issues Of The United States1592 Words   |  7 Pagesof pollution. Leading to many initiatives, one of the most important initiatives was the formalization of the national environmental movement. The first world Earth day was started on April 22, 1970. The US Congress during the presidency of Richard Nixon responded to the change by creating two important federal agencies. 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